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Page last updated
Thu 04 Apr 2024

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Etherioidea

family ETHERIIDAE Deshayes, 1832: cladomics
     4 genera

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 4
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 4

analyzed in 34 cladograms in 22 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 3, mean = 1.35
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) in an analysis = 3, mean = 1.35

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 7
maximum number of included terminals = 3, mean = 2.71
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3, mean = 2.71
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.29

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 7
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (genus) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 3, mean = 2.71
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3, mean = 2.71
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.29

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ tree

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 37 34 3 44 7 2 0.0

*** Top Monophyly Cladogram *** 

                                      +----- Chambardia_wahlbergi       
                                      |                                 
                             +--------+----- Aspatharia_rugifera        
                             |        |                                 
                             |        |  +-- Mutela_rostrata            
  +--------------------------+        +--+                              
  |                          |           +-- Mutela_dubia               
  |                          |                                          
  |                          |  +----------- Etheria_elliptica **          
  |                          +--+                                       
  |                             |  +-------- Mulleria_rivoli **            
  |                             +--+                                    
  |                                |  +----- Monocondylaea_minuana      
--+                                +--+                                 
  |                                   |  +-- Anodontites_trigona        
  |                                   +--+                              
  |                                      +-- Anodontites_guanarensis    
  |                                                                     
  |                                      +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera
  |  +-----------------------------------+                              
  |  |                                   +-- Cumberlandia_monodonta     
  |  |                                                                  
  +--+  +----------------------------------- Coelatura_aegyptiaca       
     |  |                                                               
     |  |  +-------------------------------- Pseudomulleria_dalyi **       
     |  |  |                                                            
     +--+  |                             +-- Unio_pictorum              
        |  |                    +--------+                              
        |  |                    |        +-- Unio_caffer                
        |  |  +-----------------+                                       
        +--+  |                 |  +-------- Lasmigona_costata          
           |  |                 +--+                                    
           |  |                    |  +----- Alasmidonta_marginata      
           |  |                    +--+                                 
           |  |                       |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus       
           |  |                       +--+                              
           +--+                          +-- Pyganodon_grandis          
              |                                                         
              |  +-------------------------- Lens_contradens            
              |  |                                                      
              |  |                    +----- Gonidea_angulata           
              |  |  +-----------------+                                 
              |  |  |                 |  +-- Pilsbryoconcha_exilis      
              +--+  |                 +--+                              
                 |  |                    +-- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus 
                 |  |                                                   
                 |  |           +----------- Amblema_plicata            
                 |  |           |                                       
                 +--+           |     +----- Obliquaria_reflexa         
                    |  +--------+  +--+                                 
                    |  |        |  |  |  +-- Quadrula_verrucosa         
                    |  |        |  |  +--+                              
                    |  |        +--+     +-- Quadrula_quadrula          
                    |  |           |                                    
                    |  |           |  +----- Eurynia_dilatata           
                    +--+           +--+                                 
                       |              |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia        
                       |              +--+                              
                       |                 +-- Fusconaia_flava            
                       |                                                
                       |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus_fasciolaris 
                       +--+                                             
                          |  +-------------- Truncilla_truncata         
                          +--+                                          
                             |  +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina    
                             +--+                                       
                                |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium          
                                +--+                                    
                                   |  +----- Cambarunio_iris            
                                   +--+                                 
                                      |  +-- Ligumia_recta              
                                      +--+                              
                                         +-- Epioblasma_triquetra

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 203 9 2 --

*** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ***

     +----- Mycetopoda_siliquosa   
  +--+                             
  |  |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
  |  +--+                          
--+     +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis
  |                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
     +--+                          
        +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 3 44 7 2 36.0 
        +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +-----+                             
  |     |  +-- Mulleria_rivoli **        
  |     +--+                          
  |        +-- Pseudomulleria_dalyi **   
  |                                   
--+     +----- Monocondylaea_minuana  
  |  +--+                             
  |  |  |  +-- Anodontites_trigona    
  |  |  +--+                          
  |  |     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
  +--+                                
     |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
     |  +--+                          
     |  |  +-- Aspatharia_rugifera    
     +--+                             
        |  +-- Mutela_dubia           
        +--+                          
           +-- Mutela_rostrata

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 28 21 3 31 5 2 33.0 
                          +-- Mutela_dubia               
              +-----------+                              
              |           +-- Mutela_rostrata            
  +-----------+                                          
  |           |  +----------- Etheria_elliptica **          
  |           +--+                                       
  |              |  +-------- Mulleria_rivoli **            
  |              +--+                                    
  |                 |  +----- Monocondylaea_minuana      
  |                 +--+                                 
--+                    |  +-- Anodontites_trigona        
  |                    +--+                              
  |                       +-- Anodontites_guanarensis    
  |                                                      
  |  +----------------------- Coelatura_aegyptiaca       
  |  |                                                   
  |  |  +-------------------- Pseudomulleria_dalyi **       
  +--+  |                                                
     |  |              +----- Anodonta_cygnea            
     |  |  +-----------+                                 
     +--+  |           |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus       
        |  |           +--+                              
        |  |              +-- Pyganodon_grandis          
        |  |                                             
        +--+  +-------------- Gonidea_angulata           
           |  |                                          
           |  |           +-- Unio_pictorum              
           |  +-----------+                              
           |  |           +-- Unio_tumidus               
           |  |                                          
           +--+           +-- Cumberlandia_monodonta     
              |  +--------+                              
              |  |        +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera
              |  |                                       
              |  |  +-------- Toxolasma_lividum          
              |  |  |                                    
              +--+  +-------- Amblema_plicata            
                 |  |                                    
                 |  |     +-- Glebula_rotundata          
                 |  +-----+                              
                 |  |     +-- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis    
                 |  |                                    
                 +--+  +----- Potamilus_alatus           
                    +--+                                 
                    |  |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina    
                    |  +--+                              
                    |     +-- Ligumia_recta              
                    |                                    
                    |  +----- Quadrula_quadrula          
                    |  |                                 
                    +--+  +-- Eurynia_dilatata           
                       |  |                              
                       +--+-- Pleurobema_clava           
                          |                              
                          +-- Fusconaia_flava

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 36 33 3 43 7 2 17.0 
                                            +-- Etheria_elliptica **          
                                   +--------+                              
                                   |        +-- Mulleria_rivoli **            
                                   |                                       
                                   |     +----- Monocondylaea_minuana      
  +--------------------------------+  +--+                                 
  |                                |  |  |  +-- Anodontites_trigona        
  |                                |  |  +--+                              
  |                                |  |     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis    
  |                                +--+                                    
  |                                   |     +-- Mutela_rostrata            
  |                                   |  +--+                              
--+                                   |  |  +-- Mutela_dubia               
  |                                   +--+                                 
  |                                      |  +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi       
  |                                      +--+                              
  |                                         +-- Aspatharia_rugifera        
  |                                                                        
  |  +----------------------------------------- Coelatura_aegyptiaca       
  |  |                                                                     
  +--+  +-------------------------------------- Pseudomulleria_dalyi **       
     |  |                                                                  
     |  |                                   +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera
     +--+  +--------------------------------+                              
        |  |                                +-- Cumberlandia_monodonta     
        |  |                                                               
        |  |                                +-- Pilsbryoconcha_exilis      
        +--+  +-----------------------------+                              
           |  |                             +-- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus 
           |  |                                                            
           |  |  +----------------------------- Lens_contradens            
           +--+  |                                                         
              |  |                          +-- Unio_pictorum              
              |  |                 +--------+                              
              |  |                 |        +-- Unio_caffer                
              |  |  +--------------+                                       
              +--+  |              |  +-------- Lasmigona_costata          
                 |  |              +--+                                    
                 |  |                 |  +----- Alasmidonta_marginata      
                 |  |                 +--+                                 
                 |  |                    |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus       
                 |  |                    +--+                              
                 +--+                       +-- Pyganodon_grandis          
                    |                                                      
                    |  +----------------------- Gonidea_angulata           
                    |  |                                                   
                    |  |                    +-- Eurynia_dilatata           
                    |  |                    |                              
                    |  |              +-----+-- Pleurobema_sintoxia        
                    +--+              |     |                              
                       |  +-----------+     +-- Fusconaia_flava            
                       |  |           |                                    
                       |  |           |  +----- Obliquaria_reflexa         
                       |  |           +--+                                 
                       +--+              |  +-- Quadrula_verrucosa         
                          |              +--+                              
                          |                 +-- Quadrula_quadrula          
                          |                                                
                          |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus_fasciolaris 
                          +--+                                             
                             |  +-------------- Truncilla_truncata         
                             +--+                                          
                                |  +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina    
                                +--+                                       
                                   |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium          
                                   +--+                                    
                                      |  +----- Cambarunio_iris            
                                      +--+                                 
                                         |  +-- Ligumia_recta              
                                         +--+                              
                                            +-- Epioblasma_triquetra

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 10 8 3 43 7 2 32.0 
  +----------------- Pseudomulleria_dalyi **   
  |                                         
--+  +-------------- Mulleria_rivoli **        
  |  |                                      
  +--+  +----------- Etheria_elliptica **      
     |  |                                   
     |  |     +----- Monocondylaea_minuana  
     +--+  +--+                             
        |  |  |  +-- Anodontites_trigona    
        |  |  +--+                          
        |  |     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
        +--+                                
           |     +-- Mutela_rostrata        
           |  +--+                          
           |  |  +-- Mutela_dubia           
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
              +--+                          
                 +-- Aspatharia_rugifera

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 16 4 2 -- 
        +-- Mutela[1]  
  +-----+              
  |     +-- Mutela[2]  
--+                    
  |  +----- Anodontites
  |  |                 
  +--+----- Mycetopoda 
     |                 
     |  +-- Etheria **    
     +--+              
        +-- Mulleria **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 7 0 2 36 7 2 35.0 
                 +-- Mutela_dubia           
  +--------------+                          
  |              +-- Mutela_rostrata        
--+                                         
  |  +-------------- Etheria_elliptica **      
  |  |                                      
  +--+  +----------- Chambardia_rubens      
     |  |                                   
     +--+  +-------- Mulleria_rivoli **        
        |  |                                
        +--+     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
           |  +--+                          
           |  |  +-- Anodontites_trigona    
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Tamsiella_tamsiana     
              +--+                          
                 +-- Monocondylaea_minuana

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 2 2 -- 
  +----- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                             
  |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
  +--+                          
     +-- Etheria_elliptica **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 39 2 2 -- 
  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
--+                             
  |  +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis
  +--+                          
     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Elderkin et al., 2016 [Publ 3693], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
-- Etheria_elliptica

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
     +--+                          
        +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
     +--+                          
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 80 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Mycetopoda_siliquosa

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 140 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
     +--+                          
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 140 3 2 -- 
     +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
  +--+                          
  |  +-- Etheria_elliptica **      
--+                             
  |  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +--+                          
     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 5 2 -- 
           +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
  +--------+                          
  |        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
--+                                   
  |  +-------- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                                
     |  +----- Mutela_hargeri         
     +--+                             
        |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
        +--+                          
           +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 5 2 -- 
           +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
  +--------+                          
  |        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
--+                                   
  |  +-------- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                                
     |  +----- Mutela_hargeri         
     +--+                             
        |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
        +--+                          
           +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 2 2 -- 
  +----- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
--+                             
  |  +-- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                          
     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3, 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 28 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis
     +--+                          
        +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 5 2 -- 
        +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 200 9 2 -- 
     +----- Mycetopoda_siliquosa   
  +--+                             
  |  |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
  |  +--+                          
--+     +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis
  |                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
     +--+                          
        +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 201 9 2 -- 
  +----------- Etheria_elliptica **      
  |                                   
  |        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +--------+                          
  |        +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
  |                                   
--+     +----- Mycetopoda_siliquosa   
  +-----+                             
  |     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
  |     +--+                          
  |        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis
  |                                   
  |  +-------- Anodontites_trapesialis
  +--+                                
     |  +----- Mutela_hargeri         
     +--+                             
        |  +-- Mutela_dubia           
        +--+                          
           +-- Mutela_rostrata

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 56 2 2 -- 
  +----- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
--+                             
  |  +-- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                          
     +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 56 2 2 -- 
  +----- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
--+                             
  |  +-- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                          
     +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 121 4 2 -- 
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Mycetopoda_siliquosa   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
     +--+                          
        +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Etheria_elliptica **      
--+                          
  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 72 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 71 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 71 5 2 -- 
        +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana
  +-----+                          
  |     +-- Chambardia_wahlbergi   
--+                                
  |  +----- Etheria_elliptica **      
  +--+                             
     |  +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana
     +--+                          
        +-- Lamproscapha_ensiformis

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 -- 
  +-- Etheria_elliptica **      
--+                          
  +-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana

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