MUSSELp
 
MUSSELpdb
  Introduction
Browse
d'basing
 
Taxonomy
  all genera
Unionidae
Margaritiferidae
Hyriidae
Etheriidae
Mycetopodidae
Iridinidae

Species & Genus Richness by Taxonomy
 
Geography
  Summary
North America
Central America
South America
Afrotropics
North Eurasia
East Asia
Australasia

Species Richness & Endemism by Geography
 
 

Page last updated
Sat 03 May 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae

tribe QUADRULINI Ihering, 1901: cladomics
     1 subtribe, 5 genera

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 47
number of subtaxa (rank: subtribe) = 6

analyzed in 185 cladograms in 113 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 22, mean = 2.64
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) in an analysis = 3, mean = 1.37

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 82
maximum number of included terminals = 22, mean = 4.71
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 3, mean = 1.83
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.82

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 48
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subtribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (tribe).
maximum number of included terminals = 22, mean = 5.9
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 3, mean = 2.35
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.75

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ tree

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 3 5 4 4 0.0

*** Top Monophyly Cladogram *** 

        +----- Megalonaias ** 
  +-----+                  
  |     |  +-- Uniomerus **   
  |     +--+               
--+        +-- Quadrulina **  
  |                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini  
        +--+               
           +-- Popenaiadini

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 8 3 91 79 4 20.0

*** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ***

           +----- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+                  
  |        |  +-- Megalonaias ** 
  |        +--+               
--+           +-- Uniomerus **   
  |                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
19 25 23 3 10 6 3 27.0 
  +----------- Megalonaias ** 
  |                        
--+        +-- Uniomerus **   
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini  
        +--+               
           +-- Amblemini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 15 3 10 6 3 23.0 
  +-------------- Amblemini   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Quadrulina **  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Megalonaias ** 
           +--+               
              +-- Uniomerus **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 14 3 10 6 3 22.0 
     +----- Amblemini   
  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
--+     +-- Lampsilini  
  |                     
  |  +----- Megalonaias ** 
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Uniomerus **   
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulina **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 11 2 15 15 3 17.0 
  +----------- Lampsilis   
  |                        
  |  +-------- Obliquaria  
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Amblema     
  |  |                     
--+  +-------- Reginaia    
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Potamilus   
  |  |                     
  |  |     +-- Elliptoideus
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Plectomerus 
  +--+                     
     |     +-- Megalonaias ** 
     +-----+               
     |     +-- Quadrulina **  
     |                     
     |  +----- Medionidus  
     +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Dromus      
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Cyprogenia  
     |                     
     |  +----- Hemistena   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Elliptio    
        +--+               
           +-- Fusconaia

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 2 15 15 3 22.0 
  +-------------------------- Lampsilis   
  |                                       
--+  +----------------------- Potamilus   
  |  |                                    
  |  |                 +----- Medionidus  
  +--+  +--------------+                  
     |  |              |  +-- Dromus      
     |  |              +--+               
     +--+                 +-- Cyprogenia  
        |                                 
        |  +----------------- Obliquaria  
        |  |                              
        +--+  +-------------- Amblema     
           |  |                           
           |  |        +----- Reginaia    
           +--+  +-----+                  
              |  |     |  +-- Elliptoideus
              |  |     +--+               
              |  |        +-- Plectomerus 
              +--+                        
                 |        +-- Megalonaias ** 
                 |  +-----+               
                 |  |     +-- Quadrulina **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +----- Hemistena   
                    +--+                  
                       |  +-- Elliptio    
                       +--+               
                          +-- Fusconaia

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 20.0 
  +----- Megalonaias **
  |                 
--+----- Theliderma ** 
  |                 
  |  +-- Quadrula **   
  +--+              
     +-- Pustulosa **

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 3 2 2 2 20.0 
  +----------- Amblemini   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Megalonaias ** 
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Uniomerus **   
        +--+               
           +-- Quadrulina **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 2 62 62 4 21.0 
              +-- Uniomerus **   
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulina **  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 8 3 91 79 4 20.0 
                       +----- Megalonaias **                   
  +--------------------+                                    
  |                    |  +-- Uniomerus **                     
  |                    +--+                                 
  |                       +-- Quadrulina **                    
  |                                                         
--+  +----------------------- Pleurobemini                  
  |  |                                                      
  |  |                 +----- Popenaiadini                  
  |  |  +--------------+                                    
  |  |  |              |  +-- Amblema                       
  +--+  |              +--+                                 
     |  |                 +-- Reginaia                      
     |  |                                                   
     |  |                 +-- Plectomerus                   
     |  |  +--------------+                                 
     +--+  |              +-- Toxolasma                     
        |  |                                                
        |  |           +----- Obliquaria                    
        |  |  +--------+                                    
        |  |  |        |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
        |  |  |        +--+                                 
        |  |  |           +-- Glebula                       
        |  |  |                                             
        +--+  |  +----------- Sagittunio                    
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Leaunio                       
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Potamilus                     
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Hamiota                       
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  |        +-- Ellipsaria                    
           +--+  +--------+                                 
              |  |        +-- Truncilla                     
              |  |                                          
              |  |     +----- Lampsilis_teres               
              |  +-----+                                    
              |  |     |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
              |  |                                          
              |  |     +----- Villosa                       
              |  +-----+                                    
              |  |     |  +-- Ligumia                       
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
              |  |                                          
              +--+  +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
                 +--+                                       
                 |  |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata              
                 |  +--+                                    
                 |     |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
                 |     +--+                                 
                 |        +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
                 |                                          
                 |  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria             
                 |  |                                       
                 |  +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
                 +--+                                       
                 |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
                 |  |                                       
                 |  |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
                 |  +--+                                    
                 |     |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
                 |     +--+                                 
                 |        +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
                 |                                          
                 |        +-- Ptychobranchus                
                 |  +-----+                                 
                 |  |     +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
                 |  |                                       
                 +--+  +----- Medionidus_conradicus         
                    |  |                                    
                    |  |  +-- Lemiox                        
                    +--+--+                                 
                       |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus        
                       |                                    
                       |  +-- Dromus                        
                       +--+                                 
                          +-- Cyprogenia

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 8 2 62 62 4 22.0 
                                   +-- Uniomerus **             
  +--------------------------------+                         
  |                                +-- Quadrulina **            
  |                                                          
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini          
  |  |                                                       
  |  |                             +-- Amblema               
  +--+  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Reginaia              
     |  |                                                    
     +--+  +-------------------------- Popenaiadini          
        |  |                                                 
        |  |                       +-- Glebula               
        +--+  +--------------------+                         
           |  |                    +-- Paetulunio            
           |  |                                              
           +--+                    +-- Toxolasma             
              |  +-----------------+                         
              |  |                 +-- Plectomerus           
              |  |                                           
              +--+  +----------------- Obliquaria            
                 |  |                                        
                 |  |           +----- Potamilus             
                 +--+  +--------+                            
                    |  |        |  +-- Dromus                
                    |  |        +--+                         
                    +--+           +-- Lemiox                
                       |                                     
                       |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata       
                       |  |                                  
                       +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
                          |  |                               
                          +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
                             |  +--+                         
                             |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Venustaconcha

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 28 22 3 23.0 
  +----------- Reginaia    
  |                        
--+        +-- Amblema     
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Megalonaias ** 
        +--+               
           +-- Quadrulina **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 11 0 0 23.0 
-- (Quadrulina

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 36 36 4 21.0 
                                +-- Uniomerus **           
  +-----------------------------+                       
  |                             +-- Quadrulina **          
  |                                                     
  |                 +-------------- Elliptoideus        
  |  +--------------+                                   
  |  |              |  +----------- Plectomerus         
--+  |              +--+                                
  |  |                 |  +-------- Obovaria_unicolor   
  |  |                 +--+                             
  |  |                    |  +----- Obovaria_olivaria   
  |  |                    +--+                          
  |  |                       |  +-- Lampsilis           
  +--+                       +--+                       
     |                          +-- Lemiox              
     |                                                  
     |                    +-------- Cyrtonaias          
     |  +-----------------+                             
     |  |                 |  +----- Reginaia            
     |  |                 +--+                          
     |  |                    |  +-- Popenaiadini        
     +--+                    +--+                       
        |                       +-- Amblema             
        |                                               
        |  +----------------------- Elliptio            
        |  |                                            
        +--+  +-------------------- Eurynia             
           |  |                                         
           |  |  +----------------- Parvaspina          
           +--+  |                                      
              |  |              +-- Hemistena           
              |  +--------------+                       
              +--+              +-- Plethobasus         
                 |                                      
                 |  +-------------- Pleuronaia          
                 |  |                                   
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_cordatum 
                 +--+  +--------+                       
                    |  |        +-- Fusconaia           
                    |  |                                
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_stabile  
                       |  +-----+                       
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia 
                       +--+                             
                          |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum  
                          +--+                          
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_clava    
                             +--+                       
                                +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 2 2 97 75 4 19.0 
  +-------- Reginaia           
  |                            
  +-------- Amblema            
  |                            
  |  +----- Pleurobemini       
  +--+                         
  |  |  +-- Uniomerus **          
  |  +--+                      
--+     +-- Quadrulina **         
  |                            
  |  +----- Popenaiadini       
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Dromus             
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Epioblasma         
  |  |  |                      
  +--+  +-- Glebula            
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lemiox             
     +--+                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Obovaria_olivaria  
        |                      
        +-- Obovaria_unicolor  
        |                      
        +-- Plectomerus        
        |                      
        +-- Potamilus_alatus   
        |                      
        +-- Potamilus_capax

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 29 25 2 31 22 3 41.0 
  +-------------------------------- Quadrulina **           
  |                                                      
--+  +----------------------------- Megalonaias **          
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma            
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +----------------------- Amblema              
        |  |                                             
        |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini         
        +--+  |                                          
           |  |                 +-- Reginaia             
           |  +-----------------+                        
           +--+                 +-- Obliquaria           
              |                                          
              |  +----------------- Potamilus            
              |  |                                       
              |  |              +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+  +-----------+                        
                 |  |           +-- Truncilla            
                 |  |                                    
                 +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_cardium    
                    |  |                                 
                    |  |     +----- Ligumia              
                    |  +-----+                           
                    +--+     |  +-- Obovaria             
                       |     +--+                        
                       |        +-- Epioblasma           
                       |                                 
                       |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                       +--+                              
                          |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                          +--+                           
                             |  +-- Ortmanniana          
                             +--+                        
                                +-- Lampsilis_higginsii

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 36 36 4 22.0 
  +-------------------- Quadrulina **  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                              
  +--+              +-- Reginaia    
     |  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema     
     +--+                           
        |  +----------- Popenaiadini
        |  |                        
        +--+  +-------- Cyrtonaias  
           |  |                     
           +--+-------- Plectomerus 
              |                     
              |  +----- Lemiox      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 36 36 4 22.0 
  +-------------------- Quadrulina **  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                              
  |  |              +-- Popenaiadini
  +--+  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema     
     |  |                           
     +--+           +-- Cyrtonaias  
        |  +--------+               
        |  |        +-- Reginaia    
        +--+                        
           |  +-------- Plectomerus 
           +--+                     
              |  +----- Lemiox      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 36 36 4 22.0 
  +----------------- Quadrulina **  
  |                              
--+  +-------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                           
  |  |           +-- Popenaiadini
  +--+  +--------+               
     |  |        +-- Amblema     
     |  |                        
     +--+  +-------- Plectomerus 
        |  |                     
        |  |     +-- Cyrtonaias  
        +--+-----+               
           |     +-- Reginaia    
           |                     
           |  +----- Lemiox      
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Lampsilis   
              +--+               
                 +-- Obovaria

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 32 31 3 22.0 
  +----------------------------- Amblemini            
  |                                                   
--+  +-------------------------- Lampsilini           
  |  |                                                
  +--+  +----------------------- Elliptoideus         
     |  |                                             
     |  |                    +-- Uniomerus **            
     +--+  +-----------------+                        
        |  |                 +-- Quadrulina **           
        |  |                                          
        +--+  +----------------- Elliptio             
           |  |                                       
           |  |  +-------------- Parvaspina           
           +--+  |                                    
              |  +-------------- Plethobasus          
              |  |                                    
              |  |           +-- Hemistena            
              +--+-----------+                        
                 |           +-- Eurynia              
                 |                                    
                 |  +----------- Fusconaia            
                 |  |                                 
                 |  |     +----- Pleurobema_riddellii 
                 +--+  +--+                           
                    |  |  |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia  
                    |  |  +--+                        
                    +--+     +-- Pleurobema_cordatum  
                       |                              
                       |  +----- Pleuronaia           
                       |  |                           
                       +--+  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme 
                          |  |                        
                          +--+-- Pleurobema_strodeanum
                             |                        
                             +-- Pleurobema_clava

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 3 30 29 4 19.0 
                                +----- Megalonaias **            
  +-----------------------------+                             
  |                             |  +-- Uniomerus **              
  |                             +--+                          
--+                                +-- Quadrulina **             
  |                                                           
  |  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini           
  |  |                                                        
  +--+  +----------------------------- Amblemini              
     |  |                                                     
     |  |                          +-- Popenaias              
     +--+  +-----------------------+                          
        |  |                       +-- Psoronaias             
        |  |                                                  
        +--+                       +-- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis
           |  +--------------------+                          
           |  |                    +-- Glebula                
           |  |                                               
           +--+  +-------------------- Potamilus              
              |  |                                            
              |  |                 +-- Truncilla              
              +--+  +--------------+                          
                 |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus         
                 |  |                                         
                 +--+  +-------------- Pachynaias             
                    |  |                                      
                    |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias_explicata   
                    +--+  +--------+                          
                       |  |        +-- Sphenonaias            
                       |  |                                   
                       +--+        +-- Lampsilis              
                          |  +-----+                          
                          |  |     +-- Ortmanniana            
                          +--+                                
                             |  +----- Cambarunio             
                             +--+                             
                                |  +-- Epioblasma             
                                +--+                          
                                   +-- Ligumia

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 18 14 3 23 14 3 34.0 
                          +-- Megalonaias **         
  +-----------------------+                       
  |                       +-- Quadrulina **          
  |                                               
  |                    +----- Elliptoideus        
--+                    |                          
  |  +-----------------+  +-- Eurynia             
  |  |                 |  |                       
  |  |                 +--+-- Pleurobema          
  |  |                    |                       
  +--+                    +-- Uniomerus **           
     |                                            
     |  +-------------------- Amblema             
     |  |                                         
     +--+                 +-- Plectomerus         
        |  +--------------+                       
        |  |              +-- Obliquaria          
        +--+                                      
           |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis  
           |  |                                   
           +--+  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
              |  |                                
              +--+  +-------- Medionidus          
                 |  |                             
                 +--+  +----- Potamilus_purpuratus
                    |  |                          
                    +--+----- Lampsilis           
                       |                          
                       |  +-- Ellipsaria          
                       +--+                       
                          +-- Villosa

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 17 0 3 18 8 3 33.0 
  +-- Gonideini          
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
--+-- Theliderma **         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula **           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus **          
  |                      
  +-- Amblema            
  |                      
  +-- Elliptio           
  |                      
  +-- Fusconaia          
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus        
  |                      
  +-- Pleurobema         
  |                      
  +-- Unionini

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 3 193 21 3 20.0 
                                +----- Quadrulina **        
  +-----------------------------+                        
  |                             |  +-- Megalonaias **       
  |                             +--+                     
--+                                +-- Uniomerus **         
  |                                                      
  |  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini      
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +----------------------------- Amblema           
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma         
        |  |                                             
        +--+                       +-- Obliquaria        
           |  +--------------------+                     
           |  |                    +-- Plectomerus       
           +--+                                          
              |  +-------------------- Potamilus_leptodon
              |  |                                       
              +--+  +----------------- Potamilus_alatus  
                 |  |                                    
                 |  |              +-- Medionidus        
                 +--+  +-----------+                     
                    |  |           +-- Ptychobranchus    
                    |  |                                 
                    +--+           +-- Ellipsaria        
                       |  +--------+                     
                       |  |        +-- Truncilla         
                       +--+                              
                          |  +-------- Leaunio           
                          |  |                           
                          +--+     +-- Venustaconcha     
                             |  +--+                     
                             |  |  +-- Cambarunio        
                             +--+                        
                                |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                                +--+                     
                                   +-- Lampsilis

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 21 20 3 29 17 3 38.0 
                          +-- Megalonaias **          
  +-----------------------+                        
  |                       +-- Quadrulina **           
  |                                                
  |              +----------- Elliptoideus         
  |  +-----------+                                 
--+  |           |  +-------- Pleurobema           
  |  |           +--+                              
  |  |              |  +----- Uniomerus **            
  |  |              +--+                           
  |  |                 |  +-- Fusconaia            
  +--+                 +--+                        
     |                    +-- Eurynia              
     |                                             
     |  +-------------------- Amblema              
     |  |                                          
     |  |              +----- Toxolasma            
     |  |  +-----------+                           
     +--+  |           |  +-- Plectomerus          
        |  |           +--+                        
        |  |              +-- Obliquaria           
        |  |                                       
        +--+           +----- Ptychobranchus       
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_fragilis   
           |  |        +--+                        
           |  |           +-- Medionidus           
           +--+                                    
              |           +-- Villosa              
              |  +--------+                        
              |  |        +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus 
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Potamilus_alatus

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 17 0 3 18 7 3 33.0 
  +-- Gonideini          
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
--+-- Theliderma **         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula **           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus **          
  |                      
  +-- Amblema            
  |                      
  +-- Elliptio           
  |                      
  +-- Fusconaia          
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus        
  |                      
  +-- Aculamprotula      
  |                      
  +-- Unio

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 32 31 2 33 14 3 49.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulina **     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Anodontini     
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias **    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 3 195 21 3 20.0 
                       +----- Quadrulina **        
  +--------------------+                        
  |                    |  +-- Megalonaias **       
  |                    +--+                     
--+                       +-- Uniomerus **         
  |                                             
  |  +----------------------- Pleurobemini      
  |  |                                          
  +--+  +-------------------- Amblema           
     |  |                                       
     |  |              +----- Toxolasma         
     +--+  +-----------+                        
        |  |           |  +-- Obliquaria        
        |  |           +--+                     
        |  |              +-- Plectomerus       
        +--+                                    
           |  +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon
           |  |                                 
           |  |  +----------- Potamilus_alatus  
           +--+  |                              
              |  |  +-------- Venustaconcha     
              |  |  |                           
              +--+  +-------- Leaunio           
                 |  |                           
                 |  |     +-- Ellipsaria        
                 |  +-----+                     
                 +--+     +-- Truncilla         
                    |                           
                    |     +-- Medionidus        
                    +-----+                     
                    |     +-- Ptychobranchus    
                    |                           
                    |  +----- Cambarunio        
                    +--+                        
                       |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                       +--+                     
                          +-- Lampsilis

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 10 0 3 15 7 3 26.0 
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
--+                      
  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
  +-- Theliderma **         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula **           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus **

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3835], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 3 0 0 0 22.0 
  +----- Quadrulina ** 
--+                 
  |  +-- Uniomerus **  
  +--+              
     +-- Megalonaias **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 126 71 3 195 21 3 143.0 
  +----------- Chamberlainia        
  |                                 
  +----------- Megalonaias **          
  |                                 
  +----------- Uniomerus **            
  |                                 
  +----------- Quadrulina **           
  |                                 
  +----------- Sinohyriopsis        
  |                                 
  +----------- Lamprotulini         
  |                                 
  +----------- Gonideini            
  |                                 
  +----------- Pseudodontini        
  |                                 
  |        +-- Rectidentini         
  +--------+                        
  |        +-- Contradentini        
  |                                 
  |  +-------- Amblema              
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Toxolasma            
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini         
  |  |                              
  |  |     +-- Obliquaria           
  |  +-----+                        
  |  |     +-- Plectomerus          
  +--+                              
  |  |  +----- Ellipsaria           
  |  |  |                           
  |  |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon   
  |  |  |                           
  |  |  +----- Medionidus           
  |  |  |                           
  |  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus     
--+  |  |                           
  |  |  +----- Ptychobranchus       
  |  +--+                           
  |     +----- Truncilla            
  |     |                           
  |     +----- Venustaconcha        
  |     |                           
  |     +----- Cambarunio           
  |     |                           
  |     +----- Leaunio              
  |     |                           
  |     |  +-- Ortmanniana          
  |     +--+                        
  |        +-- Lampsilis            
  |                                 
  |  +-------- Acuticostini         
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Alasmidonta          
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Anodonta_anatina     
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Anemina              
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Anodonta_cygnea      
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Cristaria            
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Anodonta_nuttalliana 
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Lasmigona            
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Lepidodesmini        
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Pseudanodonta        
  |  |                              
  |  +-------- Pyganodon            
  |  |                              
  +--+-------- Simpsonaias          
     |                              
     +-------- Strophitus           
     |                              
     +-------- Schistodesmus        
     |                              
     +-------- Utterbackia          
     |                              
     +-------- Lanceolariini        
     |                              
     +-------- Unio                 
     |                              
     +-------- Aculamprotula        
     |                              
     |     +-- Pletholophus         
     +-----+                        
     |     +-- Sinanodonta          
     |                              
     |  +----- Cuneopsis_celtiformis
     |  |                           
     |  +----- Tchangsinaia         
     |  |                           
     +--+----- Cuneopsis_rufescens  
        |                           
        +----- Nodularia            
        |                           
        |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii 
        +--+                        
           +-- Cuneopsis_heudei

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 18 16 3 24 14 3 34.0 
              +-- Megalonaias ** 
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulina **  
  |                           
--+        +----- Amblema     
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     |  +-- Plectomerus 
  |  |     +--+               
  +--+        +-- Lampsilini  
     |                        
     |  +-------- Elliptoideus
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Uniomerus **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Eurynia     
           +--+               
              +-- Pleurobema

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 11 9 3 19.0 
  +-- Quadrulina **  
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 0 1 11 9 3 20.0 
  +-------- Lampsilini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblemini   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulina **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 35 14 3 19.0 
  +----- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Megalonaias ** 
  +--+               
     +-- Quadrulina **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 0 1 11 9 3 20.0 
  +-------- Amblemini   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulina **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 11 9 3 19.0 
-- (Quadrulina

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 45 12 3 -- 
              +-------- Amblemini     
  +-----------+                       
  |           |  +----- Pleurobemini  
  |           +--+                    
  |              |  +-- Obliquaria    
--+              +--+                 
  |                 +-- Quadrulina **    
  |                                   
  |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus
  +--+                                
     |  +-------------- Truncilla     
     +--+                             
        |  +----------- Ortmanniana   
        +--+                          
           |  +-------- Lampsilis     
           +--+                       
              |  +----- Cambarunio    
              +--+                    
                 |  +-- Ligumia       
                 +--+                 
                    +-- Epioblasma

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
-- (Quadrulina

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 45 12 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulina **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblemini   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 74 7 3 -- 
     +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 74 7 3 -- 
     +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 52 9 2 -- 
     +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 31 31 4 -- 
                          +-- Quadrulina **           
  +-----------------------+                        
  |                       +-- Uniomerus **            
  |                                                
  |  +----------------------- Plectomerus          
--+  |                                             
  |  |  +-------------------- Popenaiadini         
  |  |  |                                          
  |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini         
  +--+  |                                          
     |  |                 +-- Cyrtonaias           
     |  |              +--+                        
     |  |              |  +-- Glebula              
     |  +--------------+                           
     |  |              |  +-- Reginaia             
     +--+              +--+                        
        |                 +-- Obliquaria           
        |                                          
        |  +----------------- Toxolasma            
        |  |                                       
        |  |  +-------------- Potamilus            
        |  |  |                                    
        |  |  |           +-- Ellipsaria           
        |  |  +-----------+                        
        +--+  |           +-- Truncilla            
           |  |                                    
           |  |        +----- Medionidus           
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Lemiox               
           |  |        +--+                        
           +--+           +-- Dromus               
              |                                    
              |  +----------- Cambarunio           
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Leaunio              
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Villosa              
              |  |                                 
              |  |        +-- Sagittunio           
              |  +--------+                        
              +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
                 |                                 
                 |     +----- Venustaconcha        
                 +-----+                           
                 |     |  +-- Epioblasma           
                 |     +--+                        
                 |        +-- Obovaria             
                 |                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 137 7 3 -- 
     +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 40 39 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulina **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 19 18 4 -- 
  +-------------- Quadrulina **  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblema     
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Plectomerus 
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 11 0 1 9 9 3 29.0 
  +-------- Quadrula **    
  |                     
--+-------- Pustulosa **   
  |                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 55 13 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 14 4 2 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 90 15 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 18 17 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **  
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 18 7 3 -- 
        +-- Uniomerus **   
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Megalonaias ** 
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 90 15 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 15 0 1 13 13 3 33.0 
  +-------- Quadrula_quadrula ** 
  |                           
--+-------- Quadrula_verrucosa **
  |                           
  |  +----- Pleurobemini      
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Amblemini         
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 44 11 3 -- 
           +-- Obliquaria    
  +--------+                 
  |        +-- Quadrulina **    
  |                          
--+  +-------- Amblemini     
  |  |                       
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini  
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Truncilla     
     |  |                    
     |  +----- Ptychobranchus
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Ortmanniana   
        |  |                 
        |  +-- Cambarunio    
        +--+                 
           +-- Ligumia       
           |                 
           +-- Epioblasma

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 78 7 3 -- 
     +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 51 13 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
-- (Quadrulina

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 137 7 3 -- 
     +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 10 7 2 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulina ** 
--+                    
  |  +----- Plectomerus
  +--+                 
     |  +-- Amblema    
     +--+              
        +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 72 13 4 -- 
           +-- Uniomerus **   
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 94 15 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 17 12 4 -- 
           +-- Uniomerus **   
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 50 10 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 14 0 2 32 12 3 32.0 
  +----------- Megalonaias **         
  |                                
  |     +----- Elliptoideus        
  |  +--+                          
--+  |  |  +-- Uniomerus **           
  |  |  +--+                       
  |  |     +-- Pleurobema          
  |  |                             
  |  |  +----- Potamilus_fragilis  
  +--+  |                          
     |  +----- Medionidus          
     |  |                          
     |  +----- Amblema             
     |  |                          
     |  |  +-- Obliquaria          
     +--+--+                       
        |  +-- Plectomerus         
        |                          
        |  +-- Villosa             
        |  |                       
        |  +-- Ellipsaria          
        |  |                       
        +--+-- Lampsilis           
           |                       
           +-- Potamilus_purpuratus
           |                       
           +-- Ptychobranchus

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 13 13 4 -- 
     +-------------- Toxolasma            
  +--+                                    
  |  |  +----------- Popenaiadini         
  |  +--+                                 
  |     |  +-------- Amblemini            
  |     +--+                              
  |        |  +----- Pleurobemini         
--+        +--+                           
  |           |  +-- Quadrulina **           
  |           +--+                        
  |              +-- Uniomerus **            
  |                                       
  |     +----------- Potamilus            
  |     |                                 
  +-----+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 44 11 2 -- 
                 +----- Pleurobemini  
  +--------------+                    
  |              |  +-- Obliquaria    
  |              +--+                 
--+                 +-- Quadrulina **    
  |                                   
  |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus
  +--+                                
     |  +-------------- Truncilla     
     +--+                             
        |  +----------- Ortmanniana   
        +--+                          
           |  +-------- Lampsilis     
           +--+                       
              |  +----- Cambarunio    
              +--+                    
                 |  +-- Ligumia       
                 +--+                 
                    +-- Epioblasma

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 55 13 4 -- 
        +-- Quadrulina **  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Uniomerus **   
  |                     
--+     +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Amblemini   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Popenaiadini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 19 18 4 -- 
  +-------------- Quadrulina **  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblema     
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Plectomerus 
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 9 7 2 -- 
  +----------------- Glebula            
  |                                     
--+              +-- Amblema            
  |  +-----------+                      
  |  |           +-- Quadrulina **         
  +--+                                  
     |  +----------- Plectomerus        
     +--+                               
        |  +-------- Leaunio            
        +--+                            
           |  +----- Lampsilis_straminea
           +--+                         
              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
              +--+                      
                 +-- Potamilus

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 52 8 3 -- 
        +-- Quadrulina **  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Popenaiadini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 94 15 4 -- 
           +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 72 13 4 -- 
           +-- Uniomerus **   
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 72 13 4 -- 
           +-- Uniomerus **   
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 23 11 3 -- 
-- (Quadrula

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 39 38 3 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblema     
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 14 0 2 32 12 3 32.0 
  +----------------------------- Megalonaias **         
  |                                                  
  |                       +----- Elliptoideus        
--+  +--------------------+                          
  |  |                    |  +-- Uniomerus **           
  |  |                    +--+                       
  +--+                       +-- Pleurobema          
     |                                               
     |  +----------------------- Amblema             
     |  |                                            
     +--+                    +-- Obliquaria          
        |  +-----------------+                       
        |  |                 +-- Plectomerus         
        +--+                                         
           |  +----------------- Medionidus          
           +--+                                      
              |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis  
              +--+                                   
                 |  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
                 +--+                                
                    |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus
                    +--+                             
                       |  +----- Lampsilis           
                       +--+                          
                          |  +-- Villosa             
                          +--+                       
                             +-- Ellipsaria

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 55 8 2 -- 
     +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Uniomerus **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 9 0 1 123 7 3 27.0 
  +-- Amblemini         
  |                     
  +-- Ortmanniana       
  |                     
  +-- Lampsilis         
  |                     
  +-- Cambarunio        
  |                     
--+-- Elliptio          
  |                     
  +-- Eurynia           
  |                     
  +-- Pleurobema        
  |                     
  +-- Quadrula_quadrula ** 
  |                     
  +-- Quadrula_verrucosa **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma   
  |                     
  +-------- Amblemini   
  |                     
  |     +-- Glebula     
  +-----+               
--+     +-- Cyrtonaias  
  |                     
  |     +-- Quadrulina **  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Pleurobemini
  |                     
  |  +----- Potamilus   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ortmanniana 
     +--+               
        +-- Ligumia

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 23 23 2 -- 
  +-- Amblemini   
  |               
--+-- Uniomerus **   
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 3 1 -- 
  +-- Megalonaias **
--+              
  +-- Amblemini

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 14 3 -- 
              +-- Pleurobemini
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulina **  
  |                           
--+           +-- Paetulunio  
  |  +--------+               
  |  |        +-- Amblemini   
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Lampsilis   
     |  |                     
     +--+  +----- Leaunio     
        |  |                  
        +--+----- Obovaria    
           |                  
           |  +-- Villosa     
           +--+               
              +-- Cambarunio

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 11 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblemini 
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 52 8 3 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 21 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 44 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 38 4 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 12 1 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblemini   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulina **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 12 1 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 1 1 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 27 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 1 1 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------- Uniomerus **                
  |                                     
  +----------- Amblemini                
  |                                     
  |        +-- Elliptio_arctata         
  |  +-----+                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio_crassidens      
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum       
--+  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_rubellum      
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_stabile       
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_pyriforme     
  |  |  |                               
  +--+  +----- Pleurobema_oviforme__2   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleuronaia               
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__3 
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_cordatum      
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Hemistena                
     +--+                               
        +----- Fusconaia_flava          
        |                               
        +----- Fusconaia_cerina         
        |                               
        +----- Eurynia                  
        |                               
        +----- Elliptio_arca            
        |                               
        +----- Lampsilini               
        |                               
        |  +-- Plethobasus              
        +--+                            
        |  +-- Parvaspina               
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_oviforme__1   
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Pleurobema_clava         
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_athearni      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 
           |                            
           +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblemini   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulina **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 2 2 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 6 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 6 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 16 3 -- 
     +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 6 3 -- 
  +-- Amblemini  
  |              
  +-- Ortmanniana
  |              
  +-- Lampsilis  
  |              
--+-- Cambarunio 
  |              
  +-- Elliptio   
  |              
  +-- Pleurobema 
  |              
  +-- Quadrulina **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 2 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 120 3 3 -- 
  +-- Amblemini   
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini
--+               
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
  +-- Quadrulina **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 22 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 21 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 39 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **  
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 25 25 3 -- 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulina **             
  |                                                  
--+  +----------------------- Reginaia               
  |  |                                               
  +--+  +-------------------- Amblema                
     |  |                                            
     |  |                 +-- Popenaias              
     +--+  +--------------+                          
        |  |              +-- Psoronaias             
        |  |                                         
        +--+              +-- Glebula                
           |  +-----------+                          
           |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis
           |  |                                      
           +--+  +----------- Potamilus              
              |  |                                   
              |  |        +-- Ptychobranchus         
              +--+  +-----+                          
                 |  |     +-- Truncilla              
                 |  |                                
                 |  |  +----- Ortmanniana            
                 +--+  |                             
                    |  +----- Epioblasma             
                    |  |                             
                    |  +----- Lampsilis              
                    |  |                             
                    +--+----- Ligumia                
                       |                             
                       +----- Cambarunio             
                       |                             
                       +----- Pachynaias             
                       |                             
                       |  +-- Cyrtonaias_explicata   
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Sphenonaias

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 82 6 3 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 3 3 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 76 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 22 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 8 2 -- 
  +-- Amblemini   
  |               
--+-- Quadrulina **  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 90 5 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 40 3 -- 
  +-------------------------------------- Quadrulina **             
  |                                                              
  |                                   +-- Amblema                
--+  +--------------------------------+                          
  |  |                                +-- Reginaia               
  |  |                                                           
  +--+  +-------------------------------- Plectomerus            
     |  |                                                        
     |  |  +----------------------------- Toxolasma              
     +--+  |                                                     
        |  |                       +----- Popenaiadini           
        |  |  +--------------------+                             
        +--+  |                    |  +-- Glebula                
           |  |                    +--+                          
           |  |                       +-- Cyrtonaias             
           |  |                                                  
           +--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria             
              |  |                                               
              |  |                    +-- Medionidus             
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                 |  +-- Lemiox                 
              +--+  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Cyprogenia             
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 |  |                 +-- Ptychobranchus         
                 |  |                                            
                 +--+           +-------- Potamilus              
                    |  +--------+                                
                    |  |        |  +----- Atlanticoncha          
                    |  |        +--+                             
                    |  |           |  +-- Ellipsaria             
                    |  |           +--+                          
                    +--+              +-- Truncilla              
                       |                                         
                       |              +-- Hamiota                
                       |  +-----------+                          
                       |  |           +-- Villosa                
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Ligumia                
                          |  |                                   
                          |  |     +----- Venustaconcha          
                          +--+  +--+                             
                             |  |  |  +-- Obovaria               
                             |  |  +--+                          
                             +--+     +-- Epioblasma             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Lampsilis

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 39 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 68 11 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 27 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulina **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 16 3 -- 
     +-- Quadrulina **  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 11 3 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  |  +----- Quadrulina **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------------------- Uniomerus **                
  |                                                 
  +----------------------- Amblemini                
  |                                                 
  |  +-------------------- Lampsilini               
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Eurynia                  
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_cerina         
--+  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_flava          
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Hemistena                
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Plethobasus              
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Parvaspina               
  |  |                                              
  +--+-------------------- Pleurobema_cordatum      
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleuronaia               
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__2   
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_stabile       
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Elliptio                 
     |                                              
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_decisum       
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_sintoxia      
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_clava         
     +--+                                           
        +----------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__1   
        |                                           
        |  +-------------- Pleurobema_beadleianum   
        |  |                                        
        +--+  +----------- Pleurobema_pyriforme     
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +-------- Pleurobema_rubellum      
              |  |                                  
              |  +-------- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
              +--+                                  
                 +-------- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 
                 |                                  
                 |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1
                 +--+                               
                    |  +-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 
                    +--+                            
                       +-- Pleurobema_athearni

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 49 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 42 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 44 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 3 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Quadrulina **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 4 3 -- 
  +----- Quadrulina **  
  |                  
--+----- Pleurobemini
  |                  
  |  +-- Amblemini   
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 20 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblemini 
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 21 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulina **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 39 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 90 5 2 -- 
  +----- Quadrulina **  
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 11 2 1 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 5 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Quadrulina **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 46 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 17 4 2 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **  
  |               
--+-- Pleurobemini
  |               
  +-- Lampsilini

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------------------------------------- Quadrulina **             
  |                                                                 
--+  +-------------------------------------- Reginaia               
  |  |                                                              
  +--+  +----------------------------------- Amblema                
     |  |                                                           
     +--+                                +-- Popenaias              
        |  +-----------------------------+                          
        |  |                             +-- Psoronaias             
        +--+                                                        
           |  +----------------------------- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis
           |  |                                                     
           +--+  +-------------------------- Ptychobranchus         
              |  |                                                  
              +--+  +----------------------- Ligumia                
                 |  |                                               
                 +--+  +-------------------- Potamilus              
                    |  |                                            
                    +--+  +----------------- Pachynaias             
                       |  |                                         
                       |  |              +-- Epioblasma             
                       +--+  +-----------+                          
                          |  |           +-- Truncilla              
                          |  |                                      
                          +--+           +-- Ortmanniana            
                             |  +--------+                          
                             |  |        +-- Lampsilis              
                             +--+                                   
                                |  +-------- Cambarunio             
                                +--+                                
                                   |  +----- Sphenonaias_microdon__2
                                   +--+                             
                                      |  +-- Cyrtonaias_explicata   
                                      +--+                          
                                         +-- Sphenonaias_microdon__1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 48 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 32 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 39 4 2 -- 
  +----- Quadrulina **
--+                
  |  +-- Amblemini 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Elliptio  
  |             
--+-- Uniomerus ** 
  |             
  +-- Pleurobema

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 38 6 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
           +-- Glebula     
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Cyrtonaias  
  |                        
--+  +-------- Toxolasma   
  |  |                     
  |  |  +----- Potamilus   
  |  +--+                  
  +--+  |  +-- Ligumia     
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Ortmanniana 
     |                     
     |  +----- Amblemini   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Quadrulina **  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 0 0 -- 
-- Quadrula_quadrula

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 3 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 28 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Quadrulina **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 5 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 2 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulina **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Page updated: 10:43:36 Sat 03 May 2025
 
NSF icon MUSSEL icon
"Making the world a better place, one mollusk at a time."