MUSSELpdb | valid sp. Unio caffer synonymy

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Page last updated
Wed 04 Dec 2024

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

The nominal species (available and otherwise) in this synonymy are listed by usage rather than strictly by publication date. The primary sorting order is by the most recent year (since 1969) that the species name was treated as valid, and then nominal species are sorted secondarily by publication year.

The taxonomic history of the valid species (since 1900) is listed at the bottom of the page.

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species Unio caffer Krauss, 1848: nominal species
186 specimens available.

Unio caffer Krauss, 1848
Krauss, 1848, Südafrik. Moll.: 18, pl. 1, fig. 14.
Type(s): TYPE SMF_XXX, Rivers of Natal.

Unio caffer — Krauss (1848), Hanley (1856), Küster (1856), Sowerby (1866), ..., Graf & Cummings (2021), Bieler (2021), Lopes-Lima et al. (2021), Lyubas et al. (2022)
Margaron (Unio) caffer — Lea (1852), Lea (1870)
Unio (Hyridella) caffer — Adams & Adams (1857)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Cafferia caffra — Connolly (1925), Connolly (1931), Haas (1936), Modell (1942), ..., Bogan (2010), Graf & Cummings (2011), Reis et al. (2013), Marshall et al. (2014)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Thiele (1934), Connolly (1939), Graf (2002)
Cafferia caffer — Graf & Cummings (2006), Jadhav & Jamkhedkar (2009)

Unio zeyheri Menke, 1849
Menke, 1849, Z. Malak. 5: 28.

Unio zeyheri — Menke (1849)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) zeyheri — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) zeyheri — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Unio cyamus Philippi, 1853
Philippi, 1853, Z. Malak. 8: 125.

Unio cyamus — Philippi (1853)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Unio africanus Lea, 1856
Lea, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 8: 94.
Lea, 1857, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3 [O. 6]: 300 [20], pl. 27, fig. 15.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE USNM_85233, C. Good Hope.

Unio africanus — Lea (1856), Reeve (1865), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio caffer — Sowerby (1866), E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899)
Margaron (Unio) africanus — Lea (1870)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africana — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra var. africana — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africanus — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Unio caffer Küster, 1856
‘Krauss’ Küster, 1856, Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 143, pl. 42, fig. 3. [in part]
(reference to Unio caffer Küster, 1856)

Unio caffer — Küster (1856), E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africana — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africanus — Simpson (1914)

Unio caffer Küster, 1856
‘Krauss’ Küster, 1856, Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 143, pl. 42, fig. 2. [in part]
(reference to Unio caffer Krauss, 1848)

Unio caffer — Küster (1856), E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)

Unio niloticus Küster, 1856
‘Caillaud’ Küster, 1856, Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 158, pl. 45, fig. 5.
(misidentified reference to Unio niloticus Cailliaud, 1827)

Unio niloticus — Küster (1856), E.A. Smith (1880), Westerlund (1890)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africana — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cælatura) nilotica — Pallary (1909)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africanus — Simpson (1914)

Unio verrauxi Küster, 1856
‘Charpentier mss.’ Küster, 1856, Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 150, pl. 43, fig. 6.

Unio verrauxi — Küster (1856)
Unio verreauxi — E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899)
Cafferia caffra verreauxi — Connolly (1925)
Lampsilis (Cyrtonaias) umbrosa — Frierson (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer verreauxi — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)
Unio caffer — Heard & Vail (1976)

Unio verreauianus Lea, 1856
Lea, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 8: 94.
Lea, 1857, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3 [O. 6]: 301 [21], pl. 27, fig. 16.
(renamed Unio verreauxianus Lea, 1867)
Type(s): LECTOTYPE USNM_84418, C. Good Hope.

Unio verreauianus — Lea (1856), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio verrauianus — Sowerby (1868)
Unio caffer — E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899), Bieler (2021)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Cafferia caffra verreauxi — Connolly (1925)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Unio diminutis Lea, 1859
Lea, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 11: 151.
(incorrect original spelling of Unio diminutus Lea, 1859)
Type(s): LECTOTYPE BMNH_1965165, East Africa.

Unio diminutis — Lea (1859)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) diminuta — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) diminutus — Simpson (1914)
Unio diminutus — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer verreauxi — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Daget (1998)
Unio caffer — Bieler (2021)

Unio diminutus Lea, 1859
Lea, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 11: 151 [as ‘diminutis’].
Lea, 1860, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 4 [O. 7]: 254, pl. 39, fig. 134.
(correct name for Unio diminutis Lea, 1859)
Type(s): BMNH_1965165, East Africa.

Unio diminutus — Lea (1859), Reeve (1865), Jickeli (1874), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Margaron (Unio) diminutus — Lea (1870)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) diminuta — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) diminuta — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) diminutus — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer verreauxi — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Daget (1998)
Unio caffer — Bieler (2021)

Unio gratiosus Küster, 1861
‘Parreiss in sched.’ Küster, 1861, Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 239, pl. 80, fig. 3.
(homonym of Unio gratiosus Philippi, 1843)

Unio gratiosus — Küster (1861)
Unio diminutus — Jickeli (1874), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)

Unio natalensis Lea, 1864
Lea, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 16: 113.
Lea, 1866, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6 [O. 11]: 59 [63], pl. 20, fig. 57.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (MONOTYPY) ANSP_41686, Umpingave River, Natal, S. Afr.

Unio natalensis — Lea (1864), Lea (1866), Sowerby (1868), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Margaron (Unio) natalensis — Lea (1870)
Unio caffer — E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2011)

Unio zelebori Dunker, 1866
Dunker, 1866, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 16: 915.
(homonym of Unio zelebori Zelebor, 1851)

Unio zelebori — Dunker (1866)
Diplodon (Hyridella s.s.) zelebori — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Hyridella (Echyridella) menziesi — McMichael & Hiscock (1958), Haas (1969)
Cafferia caffra — Marshall & Fenwick (2006), Marshall et al. (2014)

Unio (Hyridella) fissidens O. Boettger, 1866
O. Boettger, 1866, Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 1885/86: 27, pl. 2, figs. 6-7.
Type(s): TYPE SMF_3442, Hygap östl. v. Keheum, S. Kalahari.

Unio (Hyridella) fissidens — O. Boettger (1866)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) fissidens — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) fissidens — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) fissidens — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Unio (Hyridella) hygapanus O. Boettger, 1866
O. Boettger, 1866, Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 1885/86: 26, pl. 2, fig. 5.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE SMF_3441, Hygap östl. v. Keheum, S. Kalahari.

Unio (Hyridella) hygapanus — O. Boettger (1866)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) hygapanus — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) hygapanus — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) hygapanus — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Marshall & Fenwick (2006)

Unio verreauxianus Lea, 1867
Lea, 1867, Obs., index I-XI: errata.
Lea, 1870, Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 36.
(new name for Unio verreauianus Lea, 1856)

Unio verreauxianus — Lea (1867)
Margaron (Unio) verreauxianus — Lea (1870)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra var. verreauxiana — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio verreauianus — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Cafferia caffra — Daget (1998)
Unio caffer — Bieler (2021)

Unio rectilinearis Sowerby, 1868
Sowerby, 1868, Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 65, sp. 332.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE BMNH_74-12-11-4, Riv. Columbia.

Unio rectilinearis — Sowerby (1868)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Unio verrauianus Sowerby, 1868
‘Lea’ Sowerby, 1868, Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 69, sp. 352.
(error for Unio verreauianus Lea, 1856)

Unio verrauianus — Sowerby (1868)
Unio caffer — E.A. Smith (1891)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)

Unio teyheri Lea, 1870
‘Menke’ Lea, 1870, Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 64.
(error for Unio zeyheri Menke, 1849)

Unio teyheri — Lea (1870)

Unio gracilis Jickeli, 1874
‘Parreyss’ Jickeli, 1874, Nova Acta Dtsch. Akad. Naturf. 37(1): 280.
(intro'd as syn of Unio diminutus Lea, 1859)

Unio gracilis — Jickeli (1874)
Unio diminutus — Jickeli (1874), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)

Unio vaalensis Chaper, 1885
Chaper, 1885, Bull. Soc. Zool. France 10: 480, pl. 11, figs. 1-3.
Type(s): SYNTYPES MNHN_MP_0180, la Vaal, Afrique Australe.

Unio vaalensis — Chaper (1885)
Unio caffer — E.A. Smith (1891), Sturany (1899)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. vaalensis — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra var. vaalensis — Kobelt (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. vaalensis — Simpson (1914)
Unio natalensis — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Marshall & Fenwick (2006), Graf & Cummings (2011)

Unio gratiosus Paetel, 1890
Paetel, 1890, Cat. Conch.-Samml. 3: 154.
(reference to Unio gratiosus Küster, 1861)

Unio gratiosus — Paetel (1890)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) diminuta — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) diminutus — Simpson (1914)

Unio verreauxi E.A. Smith, 1891
‘Kuster’ of Authors.
E.A. Smith, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8: 319.
Sturany, 1899, Denk. Ak. Wien 67: 627.
Connolly, 1925, Rec. Albany Mus. 3: [1].
Connolly, 1939, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 33: 608.
Heard & Vail, 1976, Zool. Africana 11(1): 45.
(error for Unio verrauxi Küster, 1856)

Unio verreauxi — E.A. Smith (1891)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer verreauxi — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Daget (1998)

Unio caffer var. pentheri Sturany, 1898
Sturany, 1898, Anz. Kais. Akad. Wiss. , Math.-Nat. Classe 35(16): 161.
Sturany, 1899, Denk. Ak. Wien 67: 627, pl. 3, figs. 64-65.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio caffer Krauss, 1848)
Type(s): SYNTYPES NMW_XXX, Panda ma tinka (Zambezi drainage).

Unio caffer var. pentheri — Sturany (1898), Sturany (1899)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. pentheri — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer var. pentheri — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Marshall & Fenwick (2006)
Cafferia caffer — Graf & Cummings (2006)

Unio charon Preston, 1910
Preston, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 60, pl. 4, fig. 6.
Type(s): FIGURED SYNTYPE MRAC_56592, Brit. C. Afr.: Silongwe.

Unio charon — Preston (1910), Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2011)

Unio mashonae Preston, 1910
Preston, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 61, pl. 4, fig. 10 [as ‘mashonæ’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) BMNH_1910-1-15-6, Banks of a strait, or on the veldt about 16 miles from Enkeldoorn, Mashonaland.

Unio mashonae — Preston (1910)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) mashonae — Simpson (1914)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Cafferia caffer — Graf & Cummings (2006)

Unio vicinus Preston, 1910
Preston, 1910, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 60, pl. 4, fig. 7.
(homonym of Unio vicinus Lea, 1856; renamed Unio silongweensis Preston, 1912)
Type(s): FIGURED SYNTYPE MRAC_56589, Brit. C. Afr.: Silongwe.

Unio vicinus — Preston (1910)
Unio silongweensis — Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998), Marshall & Fenwick (2006)

Unio silongweensis Preston, 1912
Preston, 1912, Nautilus 26: 35.
(new name for Unio vicinus Preston, 1910)

Unio silongweensis — Preston (1912), Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Unio (Cafferia) connollyi Pilsbry, 1923
Pilsbry, 1923, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 75: 276, text fig. 1; pl. 19, figs. 3-4.
Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927, Bull. AMNH 53: 380.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) ANSP_125501A, Port Natal, Africa.

Unio (Cafferia) connollyi — Pilsbry (1923), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer connollyi — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)
Unio caffer — Heard & Vail (1976)

Cafferia caffra obesa Connolly, 1925
Connolly, 1925, Rec. Albany Mus. 3: 261, pl. 1, figs. 1-4.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio caffer Krauss, 1848)
Type(s): POSSIBLE SYNTYPES MCZ_52457, Bushmans River, Alicedale, South Africa.

Cafferia caffra obesa — Connolly (1925)
Unio (Cafferia) connollyi — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer connollyi — Connolly (1939)
Cafferia caffra — Haas (1969), Daget (1998)

Taxonomic History (since 1900)

Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) zeyheri — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africana — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) diminuta — Simpson (1900)
Diplodon (Hyridella s.s.) zelebori — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) fissidens — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) hygapanus — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. vaalensis — Simpson (1900)
Nodularia (Cælatura) nilotica — Pallary (1909)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) zeyheri — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra var. africana — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) diminuta — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) fissidens — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) hygapanus — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra var. verreauxiana — Kobelt (1910)
Nodularia (Cafferia) caffra var. vaalensis — Kobelt (1910)
Unio charon — Preston (1910), Simpson (1914)
Unio mashonae — Preston (1910)
Unio vicinus — Preston (1910)
Unio silongweensis — Preston (1912), Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. africanus — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) diminutus — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) fissidens — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) hygapanus — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. vaalensis — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) caffer var. pentheri — Simpson (1914)
Unio (sec. Cafferia) mashonae — Simpson (1914)
Unio caffer — Ortmann (1918), Heard & Vail (1976), Appleton (1979), Graf (2000), ..., Graf & Cummings (2021), Lopes-Lima et al. (2021), Bieler (2021), Lyubas et al. (2022)
Unio (Cafferia) connollyi — Pilsbry (1923), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Cafferia caffra — Connolly (1925), Connolly (1931), Haas (1936), Modell (1942), ..., Bogan (2010), Graf & Cummings (2011), Reis et al. (2013), Marshall et al. (2014)
Cafferia caffra verreauxi — Connolly (1925)
Cafferia caffra obesa — Connolly (1925)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Thiele (1934), Connolly (1939), Graf (2002)
Unio africanus — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Lampsilis (Cyrtonaias) umbrosa — Frierson (1927)
Unio verreauianus — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio diminutus — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio natalensis — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer var. pentheri — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer verreauxi — Connolly (1939)
Unio (Cafferia) caffer connollyi — Connolly (1939)
Hyridella (Echyridella) menziesi — McMichael & Hiscock (1958), Haas (1969)
Cafferia caffer — Graf & Cummings (2006), Jadhav & Jamkhedkar (2009)

Page updated: 15:11:32 Wed 04 Dec 2024

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