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Page last updated
Wed 11 Sep 2024

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini

genus Toxolasma Rafinesque, 1831: cladomics
     7 valid species

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 7

analyzed in 65 cladograms in 45 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 4, mean = 1.17

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 6
maximum number of included terminals = 4, mean = 2.83
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 1.0


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ tree


Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 2 4 34 9 7 0.0

*** Top Monophyly Cladogram ***

           +-------- Toxolasma_paulum__2 **
  +--------+                            
  |        |  +----- Toxolasma_lividum **  
  |        +--+                         
  |           |  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **   
--+           +--+                      
  |              +-- Toxolasma_paulum__1 **
  |                                     
  |  +-------------- Ellipsaria         
  |  |                                  
  +--+  +----------- Truncilla          
     |  |                               
     +--+        +-- Lemiox             
        |  +-----+                      
        |  |     +-- Potamilus          
        +--+                            
           |  +----- Lampsilis          
           +--+                         
              |  +-- Cambarunio         
              +--+                      
                 +-- Venustaconcha      

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 3 53 45 22 3.0

*** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ***

                                   +-- Cyrtonaias             
  +--------------------------------+                          
  |                                +-- Glebula                
  |                                                           
--+  +-------------------------------- Paetulunio             
  |  |                                                        
  |  |                       +-------- Obliquaria             
  |  |  +--------------------+                                
  +--+  |                    |  +----- Toxolasma_texasiense **   
     |  |                    +--+                             
     |  |                       |  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **       
     |  |                       +--+                          
     |  |                          +-- Toxolasma_lividum **      
     +--+                                                     
        |  +-------------------------- Sagittunio             
        |  |                                                  
        |  |              +----------- Potamilus              
        |  |              |                                   
        |  |  +-----------+        +-- Medionidus_conradicus  
        |  |  |           |  +-----+                          
        +--+  |           |  |     +-- Ptychobranchus         
           |  |           +--+                                
           |  |              |  +----- Medionidus_acutissimus 
           |  |              |  |                             
           |  |              +--+----- Lemiox                 
           |  |                 |                             
           |  |                 |  +-- Dromus                 
           +--+                 +--+                          
              |                    +-- Cyprogenia             
              |                                               
              |                 +----- Lampsilis_teres        
              |  +--------------+                             
              |  |              |  +-- Truncilla              
              |  |              +--+                          
              |  |                 +-- Ellipsaria             
              |  |                                            
              +--+  +----------------- Leaunio                
                 |  |                                         
                 |  |     +----------- Hamiota                
                 |  |     |                                   
                 |  |  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_fasciola     
                 +--+  |  |  +-----+                          
                    |  |  |  |     +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
                    |  |  +--+                                
                    |  |     |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata       
                    |  |     +--+                             
                    |  |        |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata        
                    +--+        +--+                          
                       |           +-- Lampsilis_cardium      
                       |                                      
                       |        +----- Venustaconcha          
                       |  +-----+                             
                       |  |     |  +-- Obovaria               
                       |  |     +--+                          
                       +--+        +-- Epioblasma             
                          |                                   
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea  
                          +--+                                
                             |  +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                             +--+                             
                                |  +-- Cambarunio             
                                +--+                          
                                   +-- Ligumia                

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 4 34 8 7 4.0
           +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **    
  +--------+                             
  |        |  +----- Toxolasma_lividum **   
  |        +--+                          
  |           |  +-- Toxolasma_paulum **    
--+           +--+                       
  |              +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **
  |                                      
  |  +-------------- Venustaconcha       
  |  |                                   
  +--+           +-- Lemiox              
     |  +--------+                       
     |  |        +-- Lampsilis           
     +--+                                
        |  +-------- Potamilus           
        +--+                             
           |  +----- Cambarunio          
           +--+                          
              |  +-- Ellipsaria          
              +--+                       
                 +-- Truncilla           

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 0 3 54 45 22 3.0
                                   +----- Paetulunio             
                                   |                             
  +--------------------------------+  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **       
  |                                |  |                          
  |                                +--+-- Toxolasma_lividum **      
  |                                   |                          
  |                                   +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **   
  |                                                              
  |                                +----- Obliquaria             
--+  +-----------------------------+                             
  |  |                             |  +-- Glebula                
  |  |                             +--+                          
  |  |                                +-- Cyrtonaias             
  |  |                                                           
  |  |                             +----- Ptychobranchus         
  |  |                          +--+                             
  +--+                          |  |  +-- Dromus                 
     |                          |  +--+                          
     |  +-----------------------+     +-- Cyprogenia             
     |  |                       |                                
     |  |                       |  +----- Medionidus_conradicus  
     |  |                       +--+                             
     |  |                          |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus 
     |  |                          +--+                          
     +--+                             +-- Lemiox                 
        |                                                        
        |  +----------------------------- Sagittunio             
        |  |                                                     
        |  +----------------------------- Potamilus              
        |  |                                                     
        |  |                          +-- Truncilla              
        +--+  +-----------------------+                          
           |  |                       +-- Ellipsaria             
           |  |                                                  
           |  |                       +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
           |  |                 +-----+                          
           |  |                 |     +-- Lampsilis_fasciola     
           +--+  +--------------+                                
              |  |              |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata       
              |  |              +--+                             
              |  |                 |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata        
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium      
              +--+                                               
                 |                    +-- Ligumia                
                 |                 +--+                          
                 |                 |  +-- Cambarunio             
                 |  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres        
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 +--+                 +-- Hamiota                
                    |                                            
                    |  +----------------- Leaunio                
                    |  |                                         
                    +--+  +-------------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea  
                          |  |                                   
                          +--+  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria      
                             |  |                                
                             |  +-------- Venustaconcha          
                             +--+                                
                                +-------- Epioblasma             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor      
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Obovaria_subrotunda    
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis 

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 100 41 22 --
                             +-- Toxolasma_parvum **              
                       +-----+                                 
                       |     +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **          
  +--------------------+                                       
  |                    |  +----- Obliquaria                    
  |                    +--+                                    
  |                       |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
  |                       +--+                                 
  |                          +-- Glebula                       
  |                                                            
  |              +-------------- Potamilus                     
  |              |                                             
  |              |     +-------- Medionidus_acutissimus        
--+              |  +--+                                       
  |  +-----------+  |  |  +----- Lemiox                        
  |  |           |  |  +--+                                    
  |  |           |  |     |  +-- Dromus                        
  |  |           |  |     +--+                                 
  |  |           +--+        +-- Cyprogenia                    
  |  |              |                                          
  |  |              |        +-- Sagittunio                    
  |  |              |     +--+                                 
  |  |              |     |  +-- Medionidus_conradicus         
  +--+              +-----+                                    
     |                    |  +-- Ptychobranchus                
     |                    +--+                                 
     |                       +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
     |                                                         
     |                       +-- Ellipsaria                    
     |  +--------------------+                                 
     |  |                    +-- Truncilla                     
     |  |                                                      
     |  |  +-------------------- Villosa                       
     +--+  |                                                   
        |  |                 +-- Obovaria_olivaria             
        |  |        +--------+                                 
        |  |        |        +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
        |  |  +-----+                                          
        +--+  |     |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
           |  |     +--+                                       
           |  |        |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
           |  |        +--+                                    
           |  |           |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
           |  |           +--+                                 
           |  |              +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
           +--+                                                
              |        +-------- Hamiota                       
              |        |                                       
              |  +-----+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
              |  |     |  +--+                                 
              |  |     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
              |  |     +--+                                    
              |  |        |  +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
              +--+        +--+                                 
                 |           +-- Lampsilis_ornata              
                 |                                             
                 |           +-- Ligumia                       
                 |  +--------+                                 
                 |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
                 +--+                                          
                    |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres               
                    +--+                                       
                       |  +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
                       +--+                                    
                          |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
                          +--+                                 
                             +-- Leaunio                       

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 100 41 22 --
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **    
--+                       
  +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 5 3 --
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                 
--+  +-------- Potamilus            
  |  |                              
  +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Venustaconcha        

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 37 15 9 --
-- Toxolasma_parvum

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 41 26 6 --
  +----------------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **    
  |                                                         
--+  +-------------------------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                                      
  |  |                             +-- Ellipsaria           
  +--+  +--------------------------+                        
     |  |                          +-- Truncilla            
     |  |                                                   
     |  |  +-------------------------- Leaunio              
     +--+  |                                                
        |  |     +-------------------- Lampsilis_bracteata  
        |  |     |                                          
        |  |  +--+  +----------------- Lampsilis_fasciola   
        |  |  |  |  |                                       
        +--+  |  +--+  +-------------- Lampsilis_ornata     
           |  |     |  |                                    
           |  |     +--+           +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
           |  |        |  +--------+                        
           |  |        |  |        +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |  |        +--+                                 
           |  |           |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3 
           +--+           +--+                              
              |              |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2 
              |              +--+                           
              |                 |  +-- Lampsilis_satura     
              |                 +--+                        
              |                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 
              |                                             
              |                    +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
              |     +--------------+                        
              |     |              +-- Ortmanniana          
              +-----+                                       
                    |  +-------------- Lampsilis_teres      
                    |  |                                    
                    +--+           +-- Lampsilis_radiata    
                       |  +--------+                        
                       |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                       +--+                                 
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_bergmanni  
                          +--+                              
                             |  +----- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                             +--+                           
                                |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens  
                                +--+                        
                                   +-- Lampsilis_straminea  

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 73 8 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii   

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis       

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 73 8 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii   

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis       

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 68 7 3 --
  +-------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                    
--+  +----------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_powellii   

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis       

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 72 14 10 --
-- Toxolasma_lividum

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 73 8 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 197 13 11 --
-- Toxolasma_parvum

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 --
  +----------- Ortmanniana      
--+                             
  |  +-------- Glebula          
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Potamilus        
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 20 12 10 --
  +-------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **  
  |                                              
--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria         
  |  |                                           
  |  |                    +-- Cyrtonaias         
  +--+  +-----------------+                      
     |  |                 +-- Glebula            
     |  |                                        
     +--+                 +-- Ptychobranchus     
        |  +--------------+                      
        |  |              +-- Lemiox             
        |  |                                     
        +--+              +-- Venustaconcha      
           |  +-----------+                      
           |  |           +-- Obovaria           
           +--+                                  
              |  +----------- Hamiota            
              +--+                               
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata    
                 +--+                            
                    |  +----- Ortmanniana        
                    +--+                         
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
                       +--+                      
                          +-- Lampsilis_hydiana  

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis       

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 49 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis       

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 95 10 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+  +--+                           
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  |  +--+                        
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 25 6 --
  +----------------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **    
  |                                                         
--+  +-------------------------------- Ellipsaria           
  |  |                                                      
  +--+  +----------------------------- Truncilla            
     |  |                                                   
     |  |  +-------------------------- Potamilus            
     +--+  |                                                
        |  |  +----------------------- Leaunio              
        |  |  |                                             
        +--+  |     +----------------- Lampsilis_bracteata  
           |  |     |                                       
           |  |  +--+              +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
           |  |  |  |  +-----------+                        
           +--+  |  |  |           +-- Lampsilis_fasciola   
              |  |  +--+                                    
              |  |     |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata      
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3 
              |  |        +--+                              
              +--+           |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2 
                 |           +--+                           
                 |              |  +-- Lampsilis_satura     
                 |              +--+                        
                 |                 +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 
                 |                                          
                 |     +-------------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 |     |                                    
                 |     |           +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
                 +-----+  +--------+                        
                       |  |        +-- Ortmanniana          
                       |  |                                 
                       +--+        +-- Lampsilis_radiata    
                          |  +-----+                        
                          |  |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                          |  |                              
                          +--+     +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                             |  +--+                        
                             |  |  +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni  
                             +--+                           
                                |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens  
                                +--+                        
                                   +-- Lampsilis_straminea  

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 35 19 --
-- Toxolasma_lividum

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 38 5 3 --
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                 
--+  +-------- Potamilus            
  |  |                              
  +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Venustaconcha        

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 44 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha   

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 95 10 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+  +--+                           
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  |  +--+                        
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha   

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis       

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus       

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 44 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha   

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 5 2 --
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
--+                                 
  |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata     
  +--+                              
     |  +----- Potamilus            
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Lampsilis_powellii   

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 --
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha   

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 42 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 56 6 4 --
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                            
  |  +-------- Potamilus       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Leaunio         
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Venustaconcha   
        +--+                   
           +-- Lampsilis       

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 --
  +----------- Ortmanniana      
--+                             
  |  +-------- Glebula          
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Potamilus        
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 197 13 11 --
-- Toxolasma_parvum

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 32 25 17 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_lividum **    
  |                                       
  |  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  |  |           +-- Ellipsaria           
  |  +-----------+                        
--+  |           +-- Truncilla            
  |  |                                    
  |  |        +----- Medionidus           
  |  +--------+                           
  |  |        |  +-- Lemiox               
  |  |        +--+                        
  +--+           +-- Dromus               
     |                                    
     |  +----------- Cambarunio           
     |  |                                 
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  +----------- Villosa              
     |  |                                 
     |  |        +-- Sagittunio           
     |  +--------+                        
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
        |                                 
        |     +----- Venustaconcha        
        +-----+                           
        |     |  +-- Epioblasma           
        |     +--+                        
        |        +-- Obovaria             
        |                                 
        |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_straminea  

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 48 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis       

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 28 1 1 --
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha   

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 --
-- Toxolasma_lividum

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 91 10 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+  +-------- Venustaconcha        
        |  |                              
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
        +--+-----+                        
           |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           |                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 32 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha   

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 20 12 10 --
  +-------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **  
  |                                              
--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria         
  |  |                                           
  |  |                    +-- Cyrtonaias         
  +--+  +-----------------+                      
     |  |                 +-- Glebula            
     |  |                                        
     +--+                 +-- Ptychobranchus     
        |  +--------------+                      
        |  |              +-- Lemiox             
        |  |                                     
        +--+              +-- Venustaconcha      
           |  +-----------+                      
           |  |           +-- Obovaria           
           +--+                                  
              |  +----------- Hamiota            
              +--+                               
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata    
                 +--+                            
                    |  +----- Ortmanniana        
                    +--+                         
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
                       +--+                      
                          +-- Lampsilis_hydiana  

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 38 3 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus       

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 --
           +-- Cyrtonaias       
  +--------+                    
  |        +-- Glebula          
--+                             
  |  +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Ortmanniana      
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Potamilus        

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 52 8 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 51 5 4 --
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                            
  |  +-------- Potamilus       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Leaunio         
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis       
        +--+                   
           +-- Venustaconcha   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 91 10 4 --
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+  +--+                           
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  |  +--+                        
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 34 15 9 --
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                 
  |  +-------- Obliquaria           
--+  |                              
  |  |  +----- Obovaria             
  |  |  |                           
  |  |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium    
  +--+  |                           
     |  +----- Potamilus            
     |  |                           
     |  |  +-- Epioblasma           
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Ortmanniana          
        +--+                        
        |  +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
        |                           
        |  +-- Ligumia              
        +--+                        
        |  +-- Lampsilis_teres      
        |                           
        |  +-- Ellipsaria           
        +--+                        
           +-- Truncilla            

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus       

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha   

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 8 3 --
-- Toxolasma_parvum

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 72 14 10 --
  +-------------- Potamilus_alatus      
  |                                     
  +-------------- Potamilus_capax       
  |                                     
  +-------------- Glebula               
  |                                     
  |           +-- Toxolasma_lividum **     
  +-----------+                         
--+           +-- Paetulunio            
  |                                     
  |           +-- Dromus                
  +-----------+                         
  |           +-- Lemiox                
  |                                     
  |           +-- Lampsilis_ovata       
  |  +--------+                         
  |  |        +-- Obliquaria            
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
     |  |                               
     +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
        |  +--+                         
        |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
           +--+                         
              +-- Venustaconcha         

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis       

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 --
           +-- Cyrtonaias       
  +--------+                    
  |        +-- Glebula          
--+                             
  |  +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Potamilus        
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Ortmanniana      

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 195 13 11 --
-- Toxolasma_parvum

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 46 4 3 --
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha   

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 2 2 --
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha   

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 32 10 7 --
-- Toxolasma_parvum

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 --
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha   

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 7 3 --
  +-------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                    
--+  +----------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 5 5 --
-- Toxolasma_lividum

Page updated: 09:36:38 Wed 11 Sep 2024

 
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