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Page last updated
Wed 27 Nov 2024

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea

family MARGARITIFERIDAE Henderson, 1929: cladomics
     2 subfamilies, 6 genera

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 42
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 8

analyzed in 248 cladograms in 137 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 16, mean = 3.11
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) in an analysis = 2, mean = 1.25

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 163
maximum number of included terminals = 16, mean = 4.21
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2, mean = 1.37
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.94

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 59
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 14, mean = 6.34
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2, mean = 2.0
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.95

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ tree

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 23 21 2 20 20 1 0.0

*** Top Monophyly Cladogram *** 

  +-------------------- Margaritiferinae **       
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Anodontini             
--+  |                                         
  |  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini        
  |  |  +--+                                   
  +--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii       
     |  |  +--+                                
     |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata     
     |  |     +--+                             
     |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae **           
     +--+        +--+                          
        |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae
        |                                      
        |        +----- Schistodesmus          
        |     +--+                             
        |     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini          
        |     |  +--+                          
        +-----+     +-- Acuticostini           
              |                                
              |  +----- Aculamprotula          
              +--+                             
                 |  +-- Tchangsinaia           
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Nodularia

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 9 2 185 159 1 30.0

*** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ***

  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lyubas et al., 2019 [Publ 3963], fig. 10

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 12 2 0 0 0 33.0 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 2 14 3 1 31.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 2 14 3 1 31.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 11 2 183 157 1 30.0 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 9 2 185 159 1 30.0 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 57 46 1 31.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Pseudunio **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Margaritifera **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 22 11 1 31.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudunio **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 22 11 1 29.0 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 17 6 1 29.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 57 46 1 31.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudunio **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 57 46 1 31.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Pseudunio **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Margaritifera **

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 2 2 1 1 29.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 2 2 2 1 29.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 2 0 0 0 31.0 
  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Pseudunio **    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Margaritifera **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 20 4 1 30.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Pseudunio **    
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Cumberlandia **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 129 114 1 30.0 
  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Margaritifera **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Pseudunio **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 66 66 1 30.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Gibbosulinae ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Pseudunio **    
        +--+                
           +-- Margaritifera **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 7 2 129 114 1 30.0 
  +-------- Unionidae    
  |                      
--+  +----- Cumberlandia ** 
  |  |                   
  +--+  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
     |  |                
     +--+-- Pseudunio **    
        |                
        +-- Margaritifera **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 20 4 1 30.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Pseudunio **    
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Cumberlandia **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 66 66 1 30.0 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudunio **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 1 1 1 27.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 2 1 1 27.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 2 1 1 27.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 5 1 1 1 1 27.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 1 1 1 27.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 84 74 1 25.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 89 85 1 24.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 62 58 1 24.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 1 1 1 26.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 89 85 1 24.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 3 1 5 3 1 27.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 5 3 1 26.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 4 1 4 3 1 26.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 67 63 1 24.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 84 74 1 25.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 3 3 1 24.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 67 63 1 24.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 34 21 1 25.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 34 21 1 25.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 2 1 2 1 1 25.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 37 33 1 23.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 68 65 1 23.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 30 10 1 25.0 
  +-------- Unioninae       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 51 47 1 23.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 0 2 113 113 1 25.0 
  +----- Unionidae                  
  |                                 
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **               
--+  |                              
  |  +-- Margaritifera_dahurica **     
  |  |                              
  +--+-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **
     |                              
     +-- Margaritifera_laevis **       
     |                              
     +-- Margaritifera_middendorffi **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 33 32 1 23.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 0 1 32 32 1 25.0 
  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  |                      
--+----- Ambleminae      
  |                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 46 42 1 22.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 43 41 1 22.0 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 34 33 1 23.0 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 22 4 1 19 18 1 39.0 
  +----- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                   
  +----- None__2      
--+                   
  +----- Margaritifera **
  |                   
  |  +-- None__1      
  +--+                
     +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 30 30 1 25.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 46 46 1 25.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 11 11 1 22.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 11 10 1 22.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 36 36 1 25.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 25 24 1 22.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 51 51 1 23.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 22 3 1 19 18 1 38.0 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
  +-- None__1      
  |                
--+-- None__2      
  |                
  +-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 19 17 1 22.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 19 5 1 16 16 1 38.0 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
--+-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 42 42 1 25.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 19 17 1 22.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 38 38 1 23.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 22.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Mock et al., 2013 [Publ 3598], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 24.0 
-- (Margaritifera

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 22.0 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 31 30 1 23.0 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 42 42 1 25.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 24 24 1 22.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 100 100 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 21 20 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 44 44 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 7 0 2 47 47 1 27.0 
     +----- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Contradentini   
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 19 19 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 30 30 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 78 68 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 32 18 1 -- 
  +-------- Anodontini      
  |                         
--+  +----- Gonideinae      
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionini        
     |                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 20 20 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 55 50 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 31 31 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 50 50 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 12 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 44 24 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 29 29 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 29 21 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 34 0 2 32 31 1 30.0 
  +----------------------------------- Margaritiferinae **       
  |                                                           
  +----------------------------------- Hyriidae               
--+                                                           
  |  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae           
  |  |                                                        
  +--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae              
     |  |                                                     
     +--+  +-------------------------- Ambleminae             
        |  |                                                  
        +--+  +----------------------- Chamberlainiini        
           |  |                                               
           +--+                    +-- Gonideini              
              |  +-----------------+                          
              |  |                 +-- Pseudodontini          
              +--+                                            
                 |  +----------------- Contradentini          
                 |  |                                         
                 +--+  +-------------- Pronodularia           
                    |  |                                      
                    +--+  +----------- Potomida               
                       |  |                                   
                       +--+  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii       
                          |  |                                
                          +--+  +----- Lamprotula_caveata__2  
                             |  |                             
                             +--+  +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae
                                |  |                          
                                +--+-- Gibbosulinae **           
                                   |                          
                                   +-- Lamprotula_caveata__1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 27 27 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 34 0 1 32 32 1 42.0 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
--+-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 90 86 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 34 0 1 32 32 1 41.0 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
--+-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 14 14 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 45 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 23 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 15 14 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 19 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 31 29 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 118 109 1 -- 
-- (Margaritifera

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 30 30 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 90 86 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 38 30 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 8 8 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
  +----------- Parreysiinae    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 55 50 1 -- 
-- (Margaritifera

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 28 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 23 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 15 0 1 14 13 1 35.0 
  +-------- Margaritifera_margaritifera__2 **
--+                                       
  |  +----- Unionidae                     
  +--+                                    
     |  +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera__1 **
     +--+                                 
        +-- Margaritifera_falcata **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 26 26 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
  +----------- Parreysiinae    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 29 29 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 37 37 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 24 24 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 51 51 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 38 38 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 38 38 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 6 6 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 51 51 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 8 8 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 34 24 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 34 34 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 40 40 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 34 24 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 52 52 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 29 29 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 19 19 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 45 25 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 50 50 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 28 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 44 24 1 -- 
-- (Margaritiferinae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 100 100 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 2 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
-- Cumberlandia_monodonta

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae      
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae       
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 55 55 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  |                      
--+----- Lampsilini      
  |                      
  +----- Amblemini       
  |                      
  |  +-- Quadrulini      
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +----- Anodontina      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferinae **
     |                   
     +-- Unionini

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  |                      
--+----- Quadrulini      
  |                      
  +----- Lampsilini      
  |                      
  |  +-- Amblemini       
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 2 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae      
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 27 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 15 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 16 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
--+-- Unioninae       
  |                   
  +-- Parreysiinae

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 103 103 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 16 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 3 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 12 1 -- 
  +-------------- Unioninae       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferinae **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-------- Cristaria       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 12 12 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 55 55 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 56 56 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 22 22 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 2 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 6 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 33 1 -- 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Schistodesmus           
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotula           
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae **            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
-- Cumberlandia_monodonta

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 15 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 17 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 11 11 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 28 28 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 20 20 1 -- 
  +-------------------- Sinanodonta            
  |                                            
--+  +----------------- Cristaria              
  |  |                                         
  |  |        +-------- Aculamprotula          
  +--+  +-----+                                
     |  |     |  +----- Acuticostini           
     |  |     +--+                             
     |  |        |  +-- Nodularia              
     +--+        +--+                          
        |           +-- Cuneopsis              
        |                                      
        |  +----------- Ambleminae             
        +--+                                   
           |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii       
           +--+                                
              |  +----- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae
              +--+                             
                 |  +-- Gibbosulinae **           
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Lamprotula_caveata

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 4 1 -- 
-- Cumberlandia_monodonta

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