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Page last updated
Sun 07 Sep 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

The MUSSEL Project Database has moved to a new server, with a new URL! The new address for this page is: https://musselpdb.org/db.php?ty=validfam_cld&id=Unioninae

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily UNIONINAE Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
     5 tribes

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 251
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 5

analyzed in 394 cladograms in 217 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 72, mean = 10.76
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) in an analysis = 5, mean = 2.02

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 347
maximum number of included terminals = 72, mean = 12.09
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5, mean = 2.16
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.92

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 164
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (subfamily).
maximum number of included terminals = 72, mean = 16.11
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5, mean = 3.12
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.87

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ tree

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
46 46 44 5 49 38 3 0.0

*** Top Monophyly Cladogram *** 

  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
45 45 36 5 154 115 3 50.0

*** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ***

  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |           +-------- Acuticostini **   
  |           |                        
--+  +--------+  +----- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  |        |  |                     
  |  |        +--+----- Unionini **       
  |  |           |                     
  |  |           |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
  +--+           +--+                  
     |              +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                 
     |              +-- Rectidentini   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Gonideini      
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pseudodontini

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
72 72 70 4 4 2 1 40.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unionini **     
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
70 70 58 5 51 40 3 66.0 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
  |           +----- Acuticostini **   
  |           |                     
  |           +----- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  +--------+                     
--+  |        +----- Unionini **       
  |  |        |                     
  |  |        |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |        +--+                  
  |  |           +-- Anodontini **     
  |  |                              
  +--+           +-- Lens           
     |           |                  
     |           +-- Ensidens       
     |           |                  
     |  +--------+-- Physunio       
     |  |        |                  
     |  |        +-- Rectidens      
     |  |        |                  
     +--+        +-- Yaukthwa       
        |                           
        |  +-------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
51 51 50 4 2 0 0 27.0 
  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
46 46 42 5 49 38 3 16.0 
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
46 46 43 5 45 39 3 13.0 
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
46 46 43 5 45 39 3 13.0 
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
45 45 22 5 154 115 3 53.0 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae         
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia        
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Megalonaias          
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Uniomerus            
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Quadrulina           
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis        
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini         
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Gonideini            
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini        
  |  |                                 
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini         
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        +-- Contradentini        
  |  |                                 
  |  |  +-------- Amblema              
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +-------- Toxolasma            
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +-------- Pleurobemini         
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  |     +-- Obliquaria           
  |  |  +-----+                        
  |  |  |     +-- Plectomerus          
  |  +--+                              
  |  |  |  +----- Ellipsaria           
  |  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon   
  |  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +----- Medionidus           
  |  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus     
  +--+  |  |                           
     |  |  +----- Ptychobranchus       
     |  +--+                           
     |     +----- Truncilla            
     |     |                           
     |     +----- Venustaconcha        
     |     |                           
     |     +----- Cambarunio           
     |     |                           
     |     +----- Leaunio              
     |     |                           
     |     |  +-- Ortmanniana          
     |     +--+                        
     |        +-- Lampsilis            
     |                                 
     |  +-------- Acuticostini **         
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Alasmidonta **          
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anodonta_anatina **     
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anemina **              
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anodonta_cygnea **      
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Cristaria **            
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anodonta_nuttalliana ** 
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Lasmigona **            
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **        
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Pseudanodonta **        
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Pyganodon **            
     |  |                              
     +--+-------- Simpsonaias **          
        |                              
        +-------- Strophitus **           
        |                              
        +-------- Schistodesmus **        
        |                              
        +-------- Utterbackia **          
        |                              
        +-------- Lanceolariini **        
        |                              
        +-------- Unio **                 
        |                              
        +-------- Aculamprotula **        
        |                              
        |     +-- Pletholophus **         
        +-----+                        
        |     +-- Sinanodonta **          
        |                              
        |  +----- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **
        |  |                           
        |  +----- Tchangsinaia **         
        |  |                           
        +--+----- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
           |                           
           +----- Nodularia **            
           |                           
           |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
           +--+                        
              +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
44 63 61 5 44 35 2 47.0 
  +----------------------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                             
  |              +-------------- Chamberlainiini
  |              |                              
  |  +-----------+           +-- Contradentini  
--+  |           |  +--------+                  
  |  |           |  |        +-- Rectidentini   
  |  |           +--+                           
  |  |              |  +-------- Lamprotulini   
  |  |              +--+                        
  |  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini  
  +--+                 +--+                     
     |                    |  +-- Inversiunio **    
     |                    +--+                  
     |                       +-- Gonideini      
     |                                          
     |  +----------------------- Lepidodesmini **  
     |  |                                       
     |  |                 +----- Anodontini **     
     +--+  +--------------+                     
        |  |              |  +-- Acuticostini **   
        |  |              +--+                  
        +--+                 +-- Lanceolariini **  
           |                                    
           |  +----------------- Globunio **       
           |  |                                 
           +--+  +-------------- Aculamprotula **  
              |  |                              
              +--+  +----------- Unio **           
                 |  |                           
                 +--+        +-- Nodularia **      
                    |  +-----+                  
                    |  |     +-- Pseudocuneopsis **
                    +--+                        
                       |  +----- Schistodesmus **  
                       +--+                     
                          |  +-- Tchangsinaia **   
                          +--+                  
                             +-- Cuneopsis **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
44 44 41 5 153 114 3 51.0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                       
--+  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |  |                                    
  |  |                 +-- Rectidentini   
  +--+  +--------------+                  
     |  |              +-- Contradentini  
     |  |                                 
     |  |        +-------- Chamberlainiini
     +--+  +-----+                        
        |  |     |  +----- Ambleminae     
        |  |     +--+                     
        |  |        |  +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+        +--+                  
           |           +-- Gonideini      
           |                              
           |  +----------- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Unionini **       
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Anodontini **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 67.0 
-- (Anodontini

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
38 38 36 5 0 0 0 24.0 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionini **     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
36 39 32 5 9 7 3 59.0 
  +----------------------- Gonideinae   
  |                                     
--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+  |                               
     |  |              +-- Anemina **      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Amuranodonta ** 
     +--+                               
        |           +----- Pletholophus ** 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta **  
        |  |        +--+                
        |  |           +-- Beringiana **   
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria **    
           |  |                         
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina **
           +--+--------+                
              |        +-- Anodontina **   
              |                         
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
36 36 30 5 9 7 3 55.0 
                    +-- Gonideinae            
  +-----------------+                         
  |                 +-- Ambleminae            
  |                                           
--+  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |  |                                        
  |  |              +-- Anemina **               
  +--+  +-----------+                         
     |  |           +-- Amuranodonta **          
     |  |                                     
     |  |        +----- Pletholophus **          
     +--+  +-----+                            
        |  |     |  +-- Sinanodonta **           
        |  |     +--+                         
        |  |        +-- Beringiana **            
        +--+                                  
           |        +-- Alasmidontina **         
           |  +-----+                         
           |  |     +-- Anodontina **            
           |  |                               
           +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
              |  |                            
              |  +----- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha **
              |  |                            
              +--+----- Cristaria **             
                 |                            
                 |  +-- Acuticostini **          
                 |  |                         
                 +--+-- Lepidodesmini **         
                    |                         
                    +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
35 35 33 2 0 0 0 67.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
35 35 33 5 38 29 2 19.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
35 35 37 4 33 10 3 43.0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                                     
  |                    +-- Ambleminae   
--+  +-----------------+                
  |  |                 +-- Gonideinae   
  |  |                                  
  +--+                 +-- Anemina **      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Buldowskia **   
     |  |                               
     +--+           +----- Sinanodonta **  
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Pletholophus ** 
        |  |        +--+                
        +--+           +-- Beringiana **   
           |                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria **    
           |  |                         
           +--+        +-- Anodontina **   
              |  +-----+                
              |  |     +-- Alasmidontina **
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Lanceolariini **
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
35 35 37 4 33 10 3 43.0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                       
  |              +-------- Chamberlainiini
  |  +-----------+                        
--+  |           |  +----- Ambleminae     
  |  |           +--+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Lamprotulini   
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Gonideini      
     |                                    
     |                 +-- Anemina **        
     |  +--------------+                  
     |  |              +-- Buldowskia **     
     |  |                                 
     +--+           +----- Sinanodonta **    
        |  +--------+                     
        |  |        |  +-- Pletholophus **   
        |  |        +--+                  
        +--+           +-- Beringiana **     
           |                              
           |  +----------- Cristaria **      
           |  |                           
           +--+        +-- Anodontina **     
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Alasmidontina **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Lepidodesmini **  
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Unionini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
35 35 36 4 33 10 3 43.0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                                     
  |                    +-- Ambleminae   
--+  +-----------------+                
  |  |                 +-- Gonideinae   
  |  |                                  
  +--+                 +-- Anemina **      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Buldowskia **   
     |  |                               
     +--+           +----- Pletholophus ** 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Beringiana **   
        |  |        +--+                
        +--+           +-- Sinanodonta **  
           |                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria **    
           |  |                         
           +--+        +-- Anodontina **   
              |  +-----+                
              |  |     +-- Alasmidontina **
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lanceolariini **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
33 33 28 5 20 18 2 40.0 
  +----------------- Quadrulini     
  |                                 
  +----------------- Pleurobemini   
  |                                 
  |              +-- Amblemini      
--+--------------+                  
  |              +-- Lampsilini     
  |                                 
  |              +-- Lamprotulini   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Gonideini      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Lepidodesmini **  
        |  |                        
        +--+-------- Unionini **       
           |                        
           |  +----- Anodontini **     
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Acuticostini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
33 33 31 5 40 29 2 25.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
33 33 31 5 23 22 3 51.0 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+           +-- Ambleminae   
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unionini **     
     |  |                      
     +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini **
        |  +--+                
        |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
33 33 31 5 40 29 2 23.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
32 32 30 5 36 25 2 24.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
31 31 36 5 14 12 1 54.0 
  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Anemina **      
  |  |                            
  +--+  +----------- Sinanodonta **  
     |  |                         
     +--+  +-------- Acuticostini ** 
        |  |                      
        +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini **
           |  +--+                
           |  |  +-- Cristaria **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                
                 +-- Unionini **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
31 31 23 5 9 7 3 56.0 
                 +-- Gonideinae            
  +--------------+                         
  |              +-- Ambleminae            
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Parreysiinae          
  |  |                                     
  |  |           +-- Anemina **               
  +--+  +--------+                         
     |  |        +-- Amuranodonta **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |     +----- Pletholophus **          
     +--+  +--+                            
        |  |  |  +-- Sinanodonta **           
        |  |  +--+                         
        |  |     +-- Beringiana **            
        |  |                               
        +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
           |  |                            
           |  +----- Acuticostini **          
           |  |                            
           |  +----- Lepidodesmini **         
           |  |                            
           +--+----- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha **
              |                            
              +----- Cristaria **             
              |                            
              +----- Unionini **              
              |                            
              |  +-- Alasmidontina **         
              +--+                         
                 +-- Anodontina **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
31 31 27 5 9 7 3 55.0 
              +-- Gonideinae   
  +-----------+                
  |           +-- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                         
  +--+  +-------- Acuticostini ** 
     |  |                      
     +--+  +----- Lepidodesmini **
        |  |                   
        +--+----- Unionini **     
           |                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
29 29 27 5 14 12 1 54.0 
                                         +-- Lamprotulini         
  +--------------------------------------+                        
  |                                      +-- Gonideini            
--+                                                               
  |  +-------------------------------------- Chamberlainiini      
  |  |                                                            
  +--+  +----------------------------------- Anemina **              
     |  |                                                         
     +--+  +-------------------------------- Acuticostini **         
        |  |                                                      
        +--+  +----------------------------- Sinanodonta **          
           |  |                                                   
           +--+  +-------------------------- Aculamprotula **        
              |  |                                                
              +--+                       +-- Cristaria **            
                 |  +--------------------+                        
                 |  |                    +-- Lanceolariini **        
                 +--+                                             
                    |  +-------------------- Lepidodesmini **        
                    +--+                                          
                       |  +----------------- Schistodesmus **        
                       +--+                                       
                          |  +-------------- Nodularia **            
                          +--+                                    
                             |  +----------- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
                             +--+                                 
                                |  +-------- Tchangsinaia **         
                                +--+                              
                                   |  +----- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **
                                   +--+                           
                                      |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
                                      +--+                        
                                         +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
29 29 26 2 2 0 0 61.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
28 28 26 2 0 0 0 52.0 
  +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                
  +-- Unionini **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
28 28 19 2 3 3 2 60.0 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
28 28 26 2 0 0 0 52.0 
  +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                
  +-- Unionini **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
28 28 27 1 0 0 0 65.0 
-- (Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
28 28 25 3 52 40 3 48.0 
  +----- Unionini **     
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
28 28 25 2 3 3 2 60.0 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 1 4 2 1 63.0 
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 5 25 23 2 33.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 1 1 1 1 61.0 
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 1 0 0 0 64.0 
-- (Anodontini

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 5 22 14 2 26.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 5 26 23 2 30.0 
              +-- Ambleminae   
  +-----------+                
  |           +-- Gonideinae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 18 3 112 87 3 52.0 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae        
  |                                         
  |                 +-- Contradentini       
  |     +-----------+                       
  |     |           +-- Rectidentini        
--+  +--+                                   
  |  |  |  +----------- Ambleminae          
  |  |  +--+                                
  |  |     |  +-------- Pseudodontini       
  |  |     +--+                             
  |  |        |  +----- Gonideini           
  +--+        +--+                          
     |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini     
     |           +--+                       
     |              +-- Lamprotulini        
     |                                      
     |     +----------- Unionini **            
     |     |                                
     +-----+  +-------- Lanceolariini **       
           |  |                             
           |  +-------- Cristariina **         
           +--+                             
              |  +----- Anodonta_anatina **    
              |  |                          
              |  +----- Pseudanodonta **       
              +--+                          
                 +----- Alasmidontina **       
                 |                          
                 |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea **     
                 +--+                       
                    +-- Anodonta_nuttalliana **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 25 3 112 87 3 51.0 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |                 +-- Rectidentini   
--+  +--------------+                  
  |  |              +-- Contradentini  
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini  
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Unionini **       
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
        |  |     +--+                  
        +--+        +-- Anodontini **     
           |                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 24 1 4 2 1 63.0 
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
27 27 2 3 98 98 3 55.0 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |                                        
  |  +-------------- Pseudodontini         
  |  |                                     
--+  |           +-- Rectidentini          
  |  |  +--------+                         
  |  |  |        +-- Contradentini         
  |  |  |                                  
  |  |  |     +----- Ambleminae            
  +--+  |     |                            
     |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainia         
     |  |     |  |                         
     |  |     |  +-- Sinohyriopsis         
     |  |     |  |                         
     |  |     |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata    
     |  |  +--+  |                         
     |  |  |  |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii      
     +--+  |  |  |                         
        |  |  |  +-- Potomida              
        |  |  |  |                         
        |  |  |  +-- Pronodularia          
        |  |  |  |                         
        |  |  +--+-- Gonidea               
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi  
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Leguminaia            
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Microcondylaea        
        |  |     |                         
        +--+     +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata 
           |     |                         
           |     +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora 
           |     |                         
           |     +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita
           |                               
           |  +----- Unionini **              
           |  |                            
           |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **           
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Anodonta_anatina **      
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea **       
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Anodonta_nuttalliana **  
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lasmigona **             
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pseudanodonta **         
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pyganodon **             
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Simpsonaias **           
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Strophitus **            
              +--+                         
                 +-- Sinanodonta_lauta **     
                 |                         
                 +-- Cristaria_plicata **     
                 |                         
                 +-- Cristaria_radiata **     
                 |                         
                 +-- Pletholophus **          
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinanodonta_lucida **    
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinanodonta_jourdyi **   
                 |                         
                 +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Lanceolaria_grayii__1 ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Lanceolaria_grayii__2 **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 25 5 14 14 2 36.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 5 20 14 2 25.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 5 30 20 2 29.0 
              +-- Gonideinae   
  +-----------+                
  |           +-- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unionini **     
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 3 50 40 2 48.0 
  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |                                    
--+                 +-- Rectidentini   
  |  +--------------+                  
  |  |              +-- Contradentini  
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Gonideini      
     |  |                              
     +--+           +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  +--------+                  
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Unionini **       
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 5 65 48 3 39.0 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |           +-------- Acuticostini **   
  |           |                        
--+  +--------+     +-- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  |        |  +--+                  
  |  |        |  |  +-- Unionini **       
  |  |        +--+                     
  |  |           |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
  +--+           +--+                  
     |              +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                 
     |              +-- Rectidentini   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 5 65 48 3 41.0 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |        +----------- Acuticostini **   
  |  +-----+                           
--+  |     |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |     +--+                        
  |  |        |  +----- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |        +--+                     
  |  |           |  +-- Lepidodesmini **  
  +--+           +--+                  
     |              +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                 
     |              +-- Contradentini  
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Rectidentini   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 3 50 40 2 46.0 
  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |                                    
--+                 +-- Contradentini  
  |  +--------------+                  
  |  |              +-- Rectidentini   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Gonideini      
     |  |                              
     +--+           +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  +--------+                  
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Unionini **       
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Anodontini **

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
26 26 24 5 14 11 2 23.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
23 23 21 4 0 0 0 32.0 
  +-------- Anodontini **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 4 26 23 2 27.0 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 4 22 19 2 27.0 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 15 4 2 2 1 49.0 
  +----------- Gonideinae            
  |                                  
--+  +-------- Acuticostini **          
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii **    
     |  |                            
     |  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
     +--+                            
        +----- Lanceolaria_lanceolata **
        |                            
        |  +-- Anodontini **            
        +--+                         
           +-- Unionini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 3 0 0 0 51.0 
  +----- Unionini **     
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 3 0 0 0 51.0 
  +----- Unionini **     
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 5 5 12 8 1 60.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae             
  |                                
  |  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii__1 **  
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii__2 **  
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Cristaria_plicata__1 **   
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Cristaria_plicata__2 **   
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Sinanodonta_lauta **      
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_japonica **    
--+  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__1 **
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_beringiana **  
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__2 **
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__3 **
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__1 ** 
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__2 ** 
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__1 **  
  +--+                             
     +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__2 **  
     |                             
     +----- Pletholophus **           
     |                             
     +----- Anemina **                
     |                             
     +----- Lanceolaria_lanceolata ** 
     |                             
     +----- Cristaria_plicata__3 **   
     |                             
     +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **   
     |                             
     +----- Sinanodonta_angula **     
     |                             
     +----- Lepidodesmini **          
     |                             
     |  +-- Aculamprotula **          
     +--+                          
     |  +-- Acuticostini **           
     |                             
     |  +-- Cuneopsis **              
     +--+                          
     |  +-- Nodularia **              
     |                             
     |  +-- Schistodesmus **          
     +--+                          
        +-- Inversiunio **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 4 22 19 2 27.0 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
22 22 20 4 2 2 1 51.0 
  +-------------- Gonideinae            
  |                                     
--+  +----------- Acuticostini **          
  |  |                                  
  +--+        +-- Lanceolaria_lanceolata **
     |  +-----+                         
     |  |     +-- Lanceolaria_grayii **    
     +--+                               
        |  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Anodontini **            
           +--+                         
              +-- Unionini **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
21 21 22 5 12 8 1 56.0 
  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Anodontini **   
  |  |                            
  |  |           +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
  +--+  +--------+                
     |  |        +-- Nodularia **    
     |  |                         
     +--+        +-- Schistodesmus **
        |  +-----+                
        |  |     +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Inversiunio **  
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
21 21 19 4 2 2 1 48.0 
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Anodontini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
21 21 19 4 17 14 2 29.5 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
20 20 0 1 84 83 2 58.0 
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
19 19 17 2 6 6 1 53.0 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
19 19 17 3 17 13 2 49.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 16 3 14 11 2 35.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 16 4 36 34 3 34.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Unionini **     
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 54.0 
-- (Cristariina

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 16 3 13 11 2 35.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 16 2 24 14 2 33.0 
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 10 2 0 0 0 55.0 
  +----------------- Anodonta_cygnea **        
  |                                         
  +----------------- Pyganodon **              
  |                                         
  +----------------- Alasminota **             
  |                                         
  +----------------- Anodonta_anatina **       
  |                                         
  +----------------- Unionini **               
  |                                         
  +----------------- Cristariina **            
  |                                         
  |              +-- Anodonta_nuttalliana **   
--+--------------+                          
  |              +-- Anodonta_californiensis **
  |                                         
  |              +-- Pseudodontoideus **       
  |              |                          
  +--------------+-- Alasmidonta **            
  |              |                          
  |              +-- Pterosyna **              
  |                                         
  |  +-------------- Pseudanodonta **          
  |  |                                      
  |  |        +----- Strophitus **             
  |  +--------+                             
  +--+        |  +-- Prolasmidonta **          
     |        +--+                          
     |           +-- Platynaias **             
     |                                      
     |  +----------- Anodonta_oregonensis__4 **
     +--+                                   
        |  +-------- Anodonta_oregonensis__3 **
        +--+                                
           |  +----- Anodonta_oregonensis__2 **
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Anodonta_oregonensis__1 **
              +--+                          
                 +-- Anodonta_kennerlyi **

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
18 18 17 1 0 0 0 57.0 
-- (Anodontini

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 2 12 11 2 36.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 5 36 34 2 34.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 16 3 66 66 3 46.0 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                                
  |  +-------------- Pseudodontini 
--+  |                             
  |  |           +-- Rectidentini  
  |  |  +--------+                 
  +--+  |        +-- Contradentini 
     |  |                          
     |  |     +----- Unionini **      
     |  |  +--+                    
     |  |  |  |  +-- Lanceolariini ** 
     +--+  |  +--+                 
        |  |     +-- Anodontini **    
        |  |                       
        |  |     +-- Lamprotula    
        |  |     |                 
        |  |     +-- Potomida      
        +--+     |                 
           |     +-- Pronodularia  
           |     |                 
           |     +-- Gonidea       
           |     |                 
           |     +-- Leguminaia    
           |     |                 
           |     +-- Microcondylaea
           |     |                 
           +-----+-- Amblemini     
                 |                 
                 +-- Ortmanniana   
                 |                 
                 +-- Lampsilis     
                 |                 
                 +-- Cambarunio    
                 |                 
                 +-- Elliptio      
                 |                 
                 +-- Pleurobema    
                 |                 
                 +-- Quadrulini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 16 2 5 3 1 47.0 
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Aculamprotula **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Schistodesmus **
        +--+                
           +-- Nodularia **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 2 0 0 0 51.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 4 14 14 2 32.0 
           +-- Ambleminae   
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionini **     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Lanceolariini **

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 13 2 1 0 0 50.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 3 14 14 2 34.0 
        +-- Ambleminae   
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 3 2 0 0 39.0 
  +----- Anodontini **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
17 17 15 3 0 0 0 34.0 
  +----- Anodontini **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 11 5 5 3 1 51.0 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                     
  |  +----------------- Acuticostini **    
--+  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Cristariina **     
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Anodontina **      
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Lanceolariini **   
     |  |                               
     |  |           +-- Aculamprotula **   
     |  +-----------+                   
     +--+           +-- Lepidodesmini **   
        |                               
        |  +----------- Unio **            
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Middendorffinaia **
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Cuneopsis **       
              |  |                      
              +--+----- Nodularia **       
                 |                      
                 |  +-- Inversiunio **     
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Schistodesmus **

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 17 15 4 1 1 1 37.0 
                 +-- Gonideinae   
  +--------------+                
  |              +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Aculamprotula **
  |  |                            
  +--+           +-- Acuticostini ** 
     |  +--------+                
     |  |        +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unio **         
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Nodularia **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Schistodesmus **
              +--+                
                 +-- Cuneopsis **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 14 3 0 0 0 40.0 
           +----- Aculamprotula **  
  +--------+                     
  |        |  +-- Acuticostini **   
  |        +--+                  
--+           +-- Lanceolariini **  
  |                              
  |  +----------- Unio **           
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Schistodesmus **  
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Cuneopsis **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Tchangsinaia **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Nodularia **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 14 5 5 3 1 51.0 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+  +----------- Anodontina **   
  |  |                         
  +--+        +-- Acuticostini ** 
     |  +-----+                
     |  |     +-- Cristariina **  
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Unionini **

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 13 1 0 0 0 54.0 
-- (Anodontini

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 10 1 0 0 0 54.0 
-- (Anodontini

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 14 5 22 20 3 40.0 
                       +-- Ambleminae   
  +--------------------+                
  |                    +-- Gonideinae   
--+                                     
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                                  
  +--+  +----------------- Anodontini **   
     |  |                               
     |  |              +-- Acuticostini ** 
     +--+  +-----------+                
        |  |           +-- Lanceolariini **
        |  |                            
        +--+           +-- Lepidodesmini **
           |  +--------+                
           |  |        +-- Aculamprotula **
           +--+                         
              |  +-------- Unio **         
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Schistodesmus **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Nodularia **    
                    +--+                
                       +-- Tchangsinaia **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
16 16 15 2 22 17 1 42.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
15 34 32 3 19 18 2 72.0 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta **           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina **                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Schistodesmus **           
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotula **           
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias **              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis **  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon **               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta **             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria **               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina **              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis **
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
15 15 13 5 21 19 3 37.0 
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Anodontini **

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 53.0 
-- (Anodontini

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
15 15 2 1 0 0 0 55.0 
-- (Anodontini

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 53.0 
-- (Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 54.0 
-- (Unio

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 13 1 6 5 2 51.0 
  +-------- Amblemini   
  |                     
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  +-------- Lampsilini  
  |                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae  
     +--+               
        +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 52.0 
-- (Unionini

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 5 20 18 2 51.0 
     +----------- Sinosolenaia   
  +--+                           
  |  |  +-------- Lamprotulini   
  |  +--+                        
  |     |  +----- Chamberlainiini
  |     +--+                     
  |        |  +-- Ptychorhynchus 
--+        +--+                  
  |           +-- Ambleminae     
  |                              
  |  +----------- Anodontini **     
  |  |                           
  |  |     +----- Acuticostini **   
  +--+  +--+                     
     |  |  |  +-- Nodularia **      
     |  |  +--+                  
     +--+     +-- Tchangsinaia **   
        |                        
        |  +----- Lanceolariini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Schistodesmus **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Lepidodesmini **

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 12 2 3 2 2 50.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 15 12 4 1 1 1 48.0 
        +-- Lanceolariini **
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini **     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
14 14 5 5 20 18 2 48.0 
           +-- Ptychorhynchus 
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini
           |                  
  +--------+-- Lamprotulini   
  |        |                  
  |        +-- Sinosolenaia   
  |        |                  
  |        +-- Ambleminae     
  |                           
  |  +-------- Strophitus **     
--+  |                        
  |  +-------- Schistodesmus **  
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Acuticostini **   
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Cristariina **    
  +--+                        
     +-------- Lanceolariini **  
     |                        
     |     +-- Nodularia **      
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Tchangsinaia **   
     |                        
     |  +----- Utterbackia **    
     |  |                     
     +--+----- Utterbackiana **  
        |                     
        |  +-- Alasmidonta **    
        +--+                  
           +-- Lasmigona **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 14 3 8 4 1 51.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 12 1 1 0 0 52.0 
-- (Cristariina

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 11 1 2 2 1 49.0 
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 11 3 28 8 2 37.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 11 2 9 9 2 38.0 
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 19 17 4 8 5 1 52.0 
  +----------------- Anodontini **             
  |                                         
  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini        
  |  +--+                                   
--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii       
  |  |  +--+                                
  |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata     
  |  |     +--+                             
  |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
  +--+        +--+                          
     |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae
     |                                      
     |        +----- Aculamprotula **          
     |     +--+                             
     |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **           
     |     |  +--+                          
     +-----+     +-- Nodularia **              
           |                                
           |  +----- Schistodesmus **          
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Lanceolariini **          
              +--+                          
                 +-- Acuticostini **

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 51.0 
-- (Unionini

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
13 13 11 3 28 8 2 37.0 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
  |                            
--+  +----------- Gonideinae   
  |  |                         
  +--+  +-------- Aculamprotula **
     |  |                      
     +--+     +-- Schistodesmus **
        |  +--+                
        |  |  +-- Unio **         
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 4 2 2 1 45.0 
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Anodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unionini **     
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Lanceolariini **

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 12 1 0 0 0 52.0 
-- (Cristariina

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 53.0 
-- (Unionini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 8 2 5 2 1 46.0 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 11 1 25 20 2 48.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulina     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Anodontini **     
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 3 1 1 1 53.0 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Unio **            
  |  |                               
  |  |        +----- Aculamprotula **   
  +--+  +-----+                      
     |  |     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     |  |     +--+                   
     +--+        +-- Lepidodesmini **   
        |                            
        |  +-------- Middendorffinaia **
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Inversiunio **     
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Cuneopsis **       
              +--+                   
                 +-- Nodularia **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 11 1 0 0 0 50.0 
-- (Unionini

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 43.0 
-- (Unionini

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 9 9 2 39.0 
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Anodontini

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 9 1 1 0 0 51.0 
-- (Cristariina

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 10 2 1 1 1 38.0 
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
12 12 8 1 2 0 0 51.0 
-- (Cristariina

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 53.0 
-- (Nodularia

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 3 20 18 3 40.0 
  +----------- Parreysiinae
  |                        
--+        +-- Ambleminae  
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Anodontini **  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Acuticostini **
        +--+               
           +-- Unionini **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 2 0 0 0 46.0 
  +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                
  +-- Unionini **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 3 4 4 2 44.0 
        +-- Gonideinae   
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Ambleminae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
11 11 9 2 8 6 1 41.0 
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 3 13 10 2 40.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 5 1 23 21 1 51.5 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 3 0 0 0 38.0 
  +----- Lanceolariini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Anodontini **   
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 7 3 10 8 2 39.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 15 9 2 40.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unio **         
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Aculamprotula **
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 5 3 2 43.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 2 2 1 36.0 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 7 2 1 0 0 44.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 3 12 7 2 40.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 2 0 0 48.0 
  +-- Unionini **     
--+                
  +-- Lanceolariini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 50.0 
-- (Unio

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 3 12 7 2 40.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
10 10 8 2 15 9 2 40.0 
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 6 1 29 29 1 51.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 5 2 0 0 0 45.0 
  +----- Anodonta_anatina **
  |                      
  +----- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
--+                      
  +----- Pseudanodonta **   
  |                      
  |  +-- Cristariina **     
  +--+                   
     +-- Unionini **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 7 2 5 3 2 45.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 45.0 
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 7 2 16 16 3 52.0 
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                                 
  |                 +-------------- Nodularia **       
  |                 |                               
  |  +--------------+  +----------- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
--+  |              |  |                            
  |  |              +--+  +-------- Unio_pictorum__2 **
  |  |                 |  |                         
  |  |                 +--+     +-- Unio_pictorum__1 **
  |  |                    |  +--+                   
  |  |                    |  |  +-- Unio_caffer **     
  +--+                    +--+                      
     |                       |  +-- Anodonta **        
     |                       +--+                   
     |                          +-- Alasmidontina **   
     |                                              
     |  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini    
     |  |                                           
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini      
        |  |                                        
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini       
           |  |                                     
           |  |              +----- Eurynia         
           +--+  +-----------+                      
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio      
              |  |           +--+                   
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus  
              +--+                                  
                 |              +-- Amblemini       
                 |  +-----------+                   
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema      
                 +--+                               
                    |  +----------- Truncilla       
                    |  |                            
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis       
                       |  +-----+                   
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma      
                       +--+                         
                          |  +----- Ligumia         
                          +--+                      
                             |  +-- Obliquaria      
                             +--+                   
                                +-- Ortmanniana

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 7 1 2 0 0 51.0 
-- (Cristariina

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 49.0 
-- (Alasmidontina

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 6 1 2 2 2 47.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 7 3 11 10 2 41.0 
  +----- Anodontini **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 9 6 4 4 4 1 48.0 
  +-------------- Gonideinae          
  |                                   
--+  +----------- Anodontini **          
  |  |                                
  +--+        +-- Nodularia **           
     |  +-----+                       
     |  |     +-- Cuneopsis **           
     +--+                             
        |  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii **  
        |  |                          
        +--+----- Acuticostini **        
           |                          
           |  +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola **
           +--+                       
              +-- Aculamprotula **

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
9 18 11 3 9 8 2 54.0 
  +----------- Cristariina **    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta **       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina **  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta **  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Velesunioninae 
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 5 2 0 0 0 43.0 
  +-- Unionini **   
  |              
--+-- Cristariina **
  |              
  +-- Anodontina **

Bauer et al., 2021 [Publ 4365], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Cristariina

Kondakov et al., 2018 [Publ 3914], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Cristariina

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 2 0 0 50.0 
-- (Unionini

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 18 16 3 10 10 2 55.0 
  +----------------- Sinanodonta **  
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Cristaria **    
  |  |                            
  +--+           +-- Gonideinae   
     |  +--------+                
     |  |        +-- Ambleminae   
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Aculamprotula **
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Nodularia **    
              +--+                
                 +-- Cuneopsis **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 4 2 3 2 2 50.0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae       
  |                                   
--+  +-------------- Gonideinae       
  |  |                                
  +--+  +----------- Nodularia **        
     |  |                             
     |  |        +-- Unio_gibbus **      
     +--+        |                    
        |  +-----+-- Unio_tumidus **     
        |  |     |                    
        |  |     +-- Anodontini **       
        +--+                          
           |  +----- Unio_pictorum__1 ** 
           |  |                       
           |  +----- Unio_pictorum__2 ** 
           +--+                       
              +----- Unio_mancus **      
              |                       
              |  +-- Unio_tumidiformis **
              +--+                    
                 +-- Unio_crassus **

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 1 2 0 0 48.0 
-- (Cristariina

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 3 49 42 3 42.0 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Unionini **     
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 7 2 3 2 2 47.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae
--+                   
  |  +----- Ambleminae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 3 49 42 3 42.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
  |                         
--+----------- Gonideinae   
  |                         
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 44.0 
-- (Unionini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 25 19 2 22 17 1 64.0 
  +----- Unionini **  
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 5 2 0 0 0 45.0 
  +-------- Anodonta_anatina **
  |                         
--+  +----- Cristariina **     
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionini **        
     |                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 25 23 2 22 17 1 64.0 
  +----- Unionini **  
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 2 0 0 0 46.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 7 1 2 0 0 49.0 
-- (Cristariina

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Unio

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 2 9 7 2 40.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 6 2 5 5 1 43.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
8 8 8 3 4 4 1 49.0 
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Anodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Nodularia **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Inversiunio **

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 2 1 1 1 1 50.0 
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 9 8 2 39.0 
     +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
  |  +-- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Unio

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 3 9 7 2 43.0 
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Anodontini **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aculamprotula **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
           +--+                
              +-- Unio **

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 8 4 2 1 0 0 45.0 
  +----- Anodontina **      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina **     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferinae
     |                   
     +-- Unionini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 12 11 2 39.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 3 3 1 49.0 
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Unionini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 3 2 1 41.0 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 12 11 2 39.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 4 2 0 0 0 44.0 
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Unionini **   
  +--+              
     +-- Anodontina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 45.0 
        +-- Anodonta_anatina **
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Unionini **        
--+                         
  |  +----- Cristariina **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 2 0 0 45.0 
-- (Unionini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 3 2 2 46.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae
--+                   
  |  +----- Ambleminae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Hoeh et al., 1995 [Publ 3391], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Alasmidontina

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 52.0 
-- (Alasmidontina

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 16 15 2 39.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 7 5 2 2 2 1 41.0 
  +-------- Gonideini   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lamprotulini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
7 12 10 2 7 5 2 50.0 
           +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--------+              
  |        +-- Utterbackia **
  |                       
--+        +-- Gonideinae 
  |  +-----+              
  |  |     +-- Ambleminae 
  +--+                    
     |  +----- Unionini **   
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Pyganodon **  
        +--+              
           +-- Cristariina **

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 44.0 
-- (Unionini

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 3 1 3 2 1 48.0 
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Alasmidontina

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 7 7 2 40.0 
     +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
  |  +-- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 44.0 
  +----- Anodontina ** 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina **
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 41 19 3 47.0 
  +-------- Pseudodontini
  |                      
  |  +----- Parreysiinae 
--+  |                   
  |  +----- Contradentini
  |  |                   
  +--+  +-- Unionini **     
     +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     |                   
     |  +-- Gonideini    
     +--+                
        +-- Ambleminae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 1 0 0 49.0 
-- (Cristariina

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 2 1 29 29 1 47.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 46.0 
  +----- Anodontina ** 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina **
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 40 18 3 47.0 
  +----------- Pseudodontini
  |                         
--+  +-------- Contradentini
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Unionini **     
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 22 18 1 49.5 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 4042], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 43.0 
-- (Anodontini

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 7 4 2 1 0 0 45.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 41 19 3 47.0 
           +-- Unionini **     
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Anodontini **   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Contradentini
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Ambleminae   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudodontini

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Unionini

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 42.0 
-- (Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 42.0 
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 7 7 2 40.0 
     +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
  |  +-- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 16 14 3 10 10 2 53.0 
  +-------- Anodontini **   
  |                      
--+     +-- Lanceolariini **
  |  +--+                
  |  |  +-- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Ambleminae   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 40.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 96 94 2 48.0 
  +-------- Chamberlainiini
  |                        
--+-------- Anodontini **     
  |                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 7 2 2 1 0 0 44.0 
  +-- Margaritiferinae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Unionini

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 21 18 1 49.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 9 7 3 4 3 1 51.0 
  +-------- Anodontini **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Gonideinae   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 2 40 18 3 47.0 
  +----------- Pseudodontini
  |                         
--+  +-------- Contradentini
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Unionini **     
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 2 0 0 46.0 
-- (Cristariina

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 18 1 2 16 12 2 58.5 
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotula **      
     |                      
     +-- Unio **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 5 1 2 0 0 49.0 
-- (Sinanodonta

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 4 1 2 0 0 50.0 
-- (Unionini

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
6 6 3 1 96 94 2 48.0 
        +-- Chamberlainiini
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini **     
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Anodontini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 6 4 2 41.0 
     +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2C

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Anodontini

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 2 2 1 41.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 15 10 2 26 13 3 53.0 
  +-------------------- Amblemini              
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae           
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Eurynia                
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Fusconaia              
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Gonideinae             
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Pleurobema             
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Quadrulini             
--+                                            
  |        +----------- Ortmanniana            
  +--------+                                   
  |        |  +-------- Glebula                
  |        +--+                                
  |           |  +----- Potamilus              
  |           +--+                             
  |              |  +-- Ligumia                
  |              +--+                          
  |                 +-- Toxolasma              
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Cyrtonaias             
  |  |                                         
  +--+  +-------------- Unionini **               
     |  |                                      
     |  |  +----------- Anodontini **             
     +--+  |                                   
        |  |     +----- Iridininae             
        |  |     |                             
        +--+  +--+  +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
           |  |  |  |                          
           |  |  +--+-- Anodontites_trigona    
           |  |     |                          
           +--+     +-- Monocondylaeinae       
              |                                
              |  +----- Rhipidodontini         
              |  |                             
              |  +----- Echyridella            
              +--+                             
                 +----- Lortiella              
                 |                             
                 |  +-- Castaliini             
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Velesunio

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 18 1 2 17 13 2 59.0 
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini **

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 45.0 
-- (Unionini

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 1 0 0 45.0 
-- (Unio

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Anodontini

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 43.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 2 0 0 45.0 
-- (Cristariina

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 1 0 0 45.0 
  +-------- Unio_tumidus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_crassus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Unio_pictorum **

Nagel et al., 1996 [Publ 3400], fig. 351

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 26 13 3 45.0 
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Cristariina

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 1 0 0 49.0 
-- (Cristariina

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 11 8 2 43.0 
  +-------- Anodontini **  
  |                     
--+     +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 2 2 1 41.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 29 6 3 43.0 
     +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unionini **

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 1 0 0 45.0 
  +-------- Unio_crassus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 45.0 
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 26 13 3 43.0 
  +----------------------------- Gonideinae  
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia   
     |  |                                    
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini   
     +--+                                    
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema  
           |  |                              
           |  |  +-------------- Eurynia     
           +--+  |                           
              |  |        +----- Cyrtonaias  
              |  +--------+                  
              +--+        |  +-- Unionini **    
                 |        +--+               
                 |           +-- Anodontini **  
                 |                           
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana 
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-------- Glebula     
                    +--+                     
                       |  +----- Potamilus   
                       +--+                  
                          |  +-- Ligumia     
                          +--+               
                             +-- Toxolasma

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 19 12 2 29 13 3 57.0 
  +-------- Anodontini **      
  |                         
--+  +----- Gonideinae      
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionini **        
     |                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 4 1 1 0 0 48.0 
-- (Unio

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 29 6 3 43.0 
     +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unionini **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 2 2 26 13 3 44.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae   
  |                      
--+  +----- Ambleminae   
  |  |                   
  +--+  +-- Unio_pictorum **
     |  |                
     +--+-- Unio_tumidus ** 
        |                
        +-- Anodontini **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 6 4 2 41.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 1 9 6 2 43.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 5 3 2 26 13 3 43.0 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
  |                     
--+     +-- Unionini **    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Anodontini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae  
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 2 0 0 47.0 
-- (Cristariina

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 20 20 2 47.0 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Acuticostini **
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 32 20 3 46.0 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Contradentini
  |  |                            
  +--+  +----------- Pseudodontini
     |  |                         
     +--+        +-- Anodontini **   
        |  +-----+                
        |  |     +-- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 1 1 1 44.0 
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Sayenko et al., 2017 [Publ 3760], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Cristariina

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 5 3 2 12 6 3 47.0 
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotula **          
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini **             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 3 1 5 5 1 48.0 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 10 9 3 46.0 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+  +----------- Ambleminae   
  |  |                         
  +--+  +-------- Gonideinae   
     |  |                      
     +--+     +-- Schistodesmus **
        |  +--+                
        |  |  +-- Aculamprotula **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Anodontini **   
           +--+                
              +-- Unio **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 1 1 1 48.0 
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Klishko et al., 2014 [Publ 3666], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 45.0 
-- (Cristariina

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 1 1 6 6 2 46.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 6 4 2 42.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae
--+                   
  |  +----- Ambleminae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 9 0 2 11 5 3 50.0 
  +-- Aculamprotula **  
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini **     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 15 2 2 15 12 2 55.0 
  +-------- Gonideinae         
  |                            
  |     +-- Elliptio           
  |     |                      
  |     +-- Fusconaia          
  |     |                      
--+  +--+-- Amblemini          
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Pleurobema         
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Unionini **           
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
  +--+  |                      
     |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Utterbackia **        
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
     +--+                      
        +-- Megalonaias        
        |                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Theliderma         
        |                      
        +-- Quadrula           
        |                      
        +-- Uniomerus

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 42.0 
-- (Anodontini

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 0 2 11 5 3 45.0 
  +----- Pleurobemini   
  |                     
  +----- Lampsilini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Anodontini **     
  |  |                  
  |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio_pictorum **  
     |                  
     +-- Aculamprotula **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Cristariina

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 8 5 2 42.0 
  +-------- Anodontini **
--+                   
  |  +----- Lampsilini
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini
     +--+             
        +-- Gonideinae

Bulakhova et al., 2023 [Publ 4325], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Beringiana

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 8 5 2 42.0 
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 32 20 3 46.0 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
  |           +-- Pseudodontini
--+  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Contradentini
  |  |                         
  +--+        +-- Anodontini **   
     |  +-----+                
     |  |     +-- Unionini **     
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 42.0 
-- (Anodontini

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 14 8 2 45.0 
  +----------- Pseudodontini
  |                         
--+  +-------- Contradentini
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Unionini **     
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 44.0 
-- (Unio

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 44.0 
-- (Anodontini

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 5 5 2 42.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 11

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 44.0 
-- (Anodonta

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 6 5 2 42.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 3 1 0 0 0 49.0 
-- (Cristariina

Klishko et al., 2016 [Publ 3733], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 45.0 
-- (Cristariina

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2D

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48.0 
-- (Pyganodon

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 42.0 
-- (Anodontini

Moyer & Díaz-Ferguson, 2012 [Publ 3375], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 47.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 43.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 44 42 1 43.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 12 9 2 45.5 
-- (Anodontini

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 17 13 3 43.0 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Parreysiinae
     +--+               
        +-- Anodontini **

Hinzmann et al., 2013 [Publ 3541], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 43.0 
-- (Anodontina

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 12 9 2 45.5 
  +----------- Pseudodontini
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Anodontini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 43.0 
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 3 2 1 44.5 
  +-------- Lamprotulini
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideini   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Unionini **    
     +--+               
        +-- Anodontini **

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 2 1 1 46.0 
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 9 9 2 43.0 
        +-- Gonideini      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                  
        +-- Anodontini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 45 43 1 43.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 27 1 1 45.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Krebs et al., 2019 [Publ 4092], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47.0 
-- (Pyganodon

Lopes-Lima et al., 2016 [Publ 3757], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 43.0 
-- (Anodontina

Froufe et al., 2014 [Publ 3592], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45.0 
-- (Anodontina

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 37 27 3 45.0 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
  |                     
--+     +-- Unionini **    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Anodontini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 43.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 43.0 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 12 9 2 45.5 
  +----------- Pseudodontini
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Anodontini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 5 5 2 43.0 
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45.0 
-- (Unio

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 43.0 
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 27 1 1 45.0 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 44 42 3 -- 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
  |        +-------- Parreysiinae   
  |        |                        
  |  +-----+     +-- Anodontini **     
--+  |     |  +--+                  
  |  |     |  |  +-- Unionini **       
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  |  |        +--+                  
  +--+           +-- Discomya       
     |                              
     |        +----- Ctenodesmini   
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     |  +-- Rectidentini   
     |  |     +--+                  
     |  |        +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                           
        |        +-- Schepmaniini   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 27 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Gonideinae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unionini **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Parreysiinae

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 4 0 1 4 4 2 46.0 
  +----- Gonideinae   
  |                   
--+  +-- Cristariina **  
  |  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina **
     |                
     +-- Quadrulini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 26 24 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 4 0 1 2 1 1 47.0 
  +-------- Cristaria **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 5 4 2 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini
--+                   
  |  +----- Lampsilini
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Gonideinae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 4 1 1 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 3 0 1 1 1 1 45.0 
  +----- Sinanodonta **
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristaria **  
  +--+              
     +-- Gonideinae

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
-- (Anodontini

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 5 5 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
-- (Anodontini

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 9 1 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
-- (Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 5 4 2 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Lampsilini
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 2 0 0 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 3 0 2 10 1 1 46.5 
  +-- Unionini **  
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
-- (Anodontini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 9 2 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 6 4 2 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 1996 [Publ 2694], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
     +-- None__1   
  +--+             
  |  +-- None__2   
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 10 1 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 8 0 1 6 6 2 50.0 
  +-------------- Cristariina **  
--+                            
  |  +----------- Alasmidontina **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lampsilis    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideinae   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Venustaconcha
           +--+                
              +-- Quadrulini

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 34 8 2 -- 
-- (Pyganodon

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Anodontini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 12 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 12 8 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 4 4 2 -- 
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 4 0 2 15 4 2 47.0 
  +-------- Unionini **    
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 2 8 1 1 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 24 22 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 6 4 2 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
-- (Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 27 25 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 55 54 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Metzger et al., 2018 [Publ 3952], fig. 1C

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 16 2 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
-- Anodonta_cygnea

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 2 2 -- 
  +----- Unionini **    
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Ambleminae

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 12 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 2 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 3 2 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
  |             
--+-- Ambleminae
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +----- Quadrulini
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 2 1 -- 
  +-- Pleurobemini
  |               
--+-- Lampsilini  
  |               
  +-- Unionini **

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 3 2 -- 
  +-- Ambleminae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 16 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Gonideinae

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 56 55 1 -- 
-- Pyganodon_grandis

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 37 37 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 40 40 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Anodonta_cygnea

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 41 41 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Anodonta_cygnea

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Unio

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
-- Pyganodon_grandis

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Anodonta

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
-- Anodonta_cygnea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 2 2 -- 
  +----- Unionini **    
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 27 2 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
        +-- Quadrulini  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Anodontini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Pyganodon_grandis

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
-- Anodonta_cygnea

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
-- Anodonta_cygnea

Zanatta & Harris, 2013 [Publ 3530], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Page updated: 08:15:27 Sun 07 Sep 2025
 
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